Etiology of angina?

vasodilates coronary arteries to increase O2 supply to heart

reduces O2 demand by preventing chronotopic (heart rate) responses to endogenous epinephrine, emotions, and excercise.

decreases O2 demand by reducing afterload by reducing peripheral resistance via vasodilation

selective alpha 1 blocker. inhibits binding of nerve induced release of NE resulting in vasodilation

acts as a fake neurotransmitter that stimulates alpha receptors to reduce release of sympathetic outflow resulting in vasodilation

selective for alpha 2 receptors in CNS to reduce sympathetic outflow to peripheral vessels resulting in vasodilation

nonselective beta blocker reduces cardiac output resulting in vasodilation

selective beta-1 blocker. reduces cardiac output resulting in vaodilation

Diuretics deal with decreases renal absorption of _____.
This causes fluid loss and reduction in blood volume. This decreases the work the heart has to pump.

chlorthiazide is a thiazide diuretic... but what is furesomide?

What kind of diuretic is spironolactone?

cardiac glycoside for congestive heart failure?

how are cardiac glycosides effective for congestive heart failure?

how do cardiac glycosides increase force of contraction of myocardium?

ototoxicity with deafness is a side effect of what diuretic agent?

nausea, vomiting, yellow-green vission

what drug increases toxic response of digitalis?

inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamic temperature regulation center

inhibit synthesis of thromboxane A2 preventing platelet synthesis

pain relief, antipyretic, entirheumatic, anti-inflammatory

occult bleeding from GI tract, tinnitis, nausea, vomiting, acid-base disturbances, metabolic acidosisdecreased tubular reabsorption of uric acid, salciylism, delirium, hyperventilation, etc.

What does acetaminophen have that aspirin does not?

T/F: anti-inflammatories like prednisone, hydrocortisone, and triamcinolone are steroids that act primarily by PG inhibition

ibuprofen vs aspirin

Diflunisal vs aspirin, acetominophen, ibuprofen

aleve

acetominophen

(aspirin causes reye's syndrome)

naloxone

methadone

T/F: morphine produces respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, dysphorea, analgesia, constipation, and diuresis.

T/F: morphine produces respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, dysphorea, analgesia, urinary retention, and diarrhea

opiod overdose causes coma, miosis, and respiratory depression... What s MOA in respiratory depression?

atropine, scopalamine, and propantheline

blocks vagal reflexive control of heart rate, resulting in tachycardia

Physostigmine and Neostigmine

What do these symptoms describe?

bradycardia, lacrimation salivation, voluntary muscle weakness, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction

how do you treat cholinergic crisis?

What do these symptoms describe?

disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, burning dry mouth, hypethermia

How do you treat scopolamine overdose?

How does atopine cause tachycardia?

neostigmine

most useful drugs to induce salivation is one which ha properties that are ______

T/F: cholinergic stimulation causes miosis and increase of intraocularpressure

T/F: cholinergic stimulation causes tachycardia

cholinergic stimulation causes increased or decreased salivation?

T/F: cholinergic stimulation causes acid secretion

cholinergic stimulation causes increased or decreased urinary retention?

cholinergic stimulation causes broncho vasodilation or constriction?

what happens to skeletal muscle from cholinergic overdose?

ANTIcholine causes increase or decrease of intraocular pressure?

tachycardia

decreased salivation and acid secretion

anticholinergic agents on urinary retention?

T/F: anticholergic angets on skeletal muscles causes muscle relaxation

Which drug gets into the brain and causes restlessness, headaches, excietment, etc.?

_____ ____ like methantheline and propantheline only hve peripheral actions

What causes xerostomia, anticholinergics or cholinomimetics?

how does reserpine inhibit action of adrenergic nerves?

how does guanethidine inhibit action of adrenergic nerves?

how does alpha methyldopa inhibit action of adrenergic nerves?

how does clonidine inhibit action of adrenergic nerves?

tyramine, ephedrine, amphetamine

release stored NE

MOA of TCA and cocaine?

block enzyme destruction

IN the presence of an alpha blocker, like prazosin, epineohrine would cause a decrease or increase in blood pressure?

The vagal reflex may decrease heart rate instead of increase heart rate w/dose of epinephrine.. how do we prevent that?

vasoconsriction, urinary retention, mydriasis

increased heart rate, bronchodilation, vasodilation

vasodilation

decreased heart rate, bronchoconstriction

What's special about isoproterenol?

What does carbidopa do?

For treating oral infections, penicillin V is preferred to penicillin G because it is

a. less allergenic
b. less sensitive to acid degradation
c. has a greater gram-negative spectrum
d. has a longer duration of action
e. is bactericidal, whereas penicillin G isnt

the sole therapeutic advantage of pencillin V over pencillin G is

a. greater resistance to penicillinase
b. broader antibacterial spectrum
c. more reliable oral absorption
d. slower renal excretion
e. none of the above

which of the following penicillins is administered only by deep IM injection?

which of the following antibiotics is cross allergenic with penicillin and should not be administered to the penicillin sensitive patient?

a. ampicillin
b erythromycin
c. clindamyacin
d. lincomycin
e. tetracycline

which of the following antibiotics may be cross allergenic with penicillin?

a. neomycin
b. cephalexin
c. clindamycin
d. erythromycin
e. all of the above

which of the following shows an incidence of approx 8% cross allergenicity with penicillins?

a. neomycin
b. cephalexin
c. bacitracin
d. vancomycin

which group of antibiotics is related both structurally and by mode of action with penicillins?

most reliable method of detecting patients allergy to penicillin?

penicillin sub for allergy?

most anaphylactic reactions to penicillin occur

a. when the drug is administered orally
b. in patients who have already experienced an allergic reaction to the drug
c. in patients with a negative skin test to penicillin allergy
d. when the drug is administered parenterally
e. within minutes after drug administration

i. a, b, and d
ii. b, c, and d
iii. b, d, and e
iv. b and e
v. c, d, and e

broader gram negative spectrum than pen G?

BEST gram negative spectrum?

drug of choice for penicillinase producing staph?

lest effective against penicillinase produce microorganisms?

Used to treat pseudomonas??

penicillin is effective against rapidly growing cells is primarily because it blocks what?

Chlortetracycline acts by interfering with what?

Mechanism of bacteriostatic action of sulfonamides involves what?

Sulfonamides act by?

tetracycline reduces effectiveness of concomitantly administered penicillin by?
a. reducing absorption of penicillin
b. increasing metabolism of penicillin
c. increasing renal excretion of penicillin
d. increasing binding of penicillin to serum proteins
e. none of the above

action of which drugs will most likely be impaired by concurrent admin of tetracycline?

Which antibiotic is most likely to cause liver damage?

which erythromycin is associated with allergic cholestatic hepatitis??

which antibiotic least likely to cause superinfection?

GI upset and pseudomembranous colitis has been prominently associated with

a. nystatin
b. cephalexin
c. clindamycin
d. polymyxin B
e. erythromycin

symptoms that may be characterized as allergic manifestations during penicillin therapy are