Lab exam (6,7,part of 8)

Question 1 of 60

1

Check all the functions of the skeletal system

Select one or more of the following:

support
bears weight
movement of body
movement of organs
lipid storage
energy storage
protection of organs
stores calcium and phosphate
hemopoesis
reaction to stimuli

Explanation

Question 2 of 60

1

the intracellular matrix of cartilage is made up of collagen and proteoglycans

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 3 of 60

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

the function of proteoglycans is to

Explanation

Question 4 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Hyaline cartilage
Location:
Function: ;
Fibrocartilage
Location: ,
Function:

Explanation

Question 5 of 60

1

match the cells with their function
Osteoblasts: ❌
Osteocytes: ❌ ❌ - ❌
Osteoclasts: ❌

❌ ❌ old, worn-out bone so ❌ can move in ❌ new bone

Drag and drop to complete the text.

bone builders

mature bone cell

(trapped in lancunae)

maintains the bone

dissolve bone

osteoclasts

osteoblasts

remove

produce

Explanation

Question 6 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Collagen
source: secreted by
function: the of the bone; adds

Bone Minerals:
/ crystals
Function: /

Explanation

Question 7 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Intramembranonus ossification
Location:
Process: bone tissue forms in

Explanation

Question 8 of 60

1

endochondral ossification
location: ❌
Process:
1.) ❌
2.) ❌
3.) ❌ ❌
4.) ❌ ❌
5.) ❌ ❌
6.) ❌
- ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

long bones/most of the skeleton

skull

scapula

sternum

bones of middle ear

hyaline cartilage model forms

bone collar forms around model

cartilage within model calcifies

and dies

blood vessels and osteoblasts

enter dying cartilage at diaphysis

secondary ossification centers

form at epiphysis

remodeling occurs as needed

spongy bone remodeled into compact bone

Explanation

Question 9 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

What two processes make up prenatal ossification?
and ossification

Explanation

Question 10 of 60

1

Growth in length:
occurs at the ❌

Process:
1.) ❌ and ❌
2.) ❌ and ❌
3.) ❌
4.) ❌ ❌ ❌
5.) ❌
6.) ❌

closure of ❌ results in ❌
effect: ❌ additional growth happens at ❌ of puberty

Drag and drop to complete the text.

epiphyseal plate

lay cartilage in epiphyseal plate

older cartilage calcified

chondrocytes mitose

chondrocytes die

blood vessels and osteoblasts enter

osteoblasts lay down collagen

which causes length of diaphysis to

increase

decrease

remain the same

epiphyseal line

calcification occurs

results in spongy bone

the epiphyseal plate

the epiphyseal line

no

lots of

extra

a small amount of

end

beginning

middle

Explanation

Question 11 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Growth in diameter
role of osteoclasts
-marrow cavity
-the thickness of compact bone is

Explanation

Question 12 of 60

1

what are the three most important things for bone nutrition and homeostasis

Select one or more of the following:

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
protein

Explanation

Question 13 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

-Calcium is the nutrition
Source: ()
Absorption: requires
-Vitamin C is needed to
-Vitamin D is needed to
-Vitamin A is needed to
-Phosphorus is the nutrient
-Vitamin K the formation of
-Magnesium is the nutrient
-Protein is needed for

Explanation

Question 14 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Osteoporosis
- bone ; bone mass
- more common in
-prevention: diet high in , avoid , exercise

Explanation

Question 15 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

homeostasis

Explanation

Question 16 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

homeostasis

Explanation

Question 17 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Growth hormone:
Source: : known as the
Function:
-Bone: activity
-Cartilage: activity
-Overall effect: growth is

Hyposecretion of GH (childhood)
hypo=
a.) pituitary
b.) calcification of

Hypersecretion of GH
Hyper=
a.) childhood:
b.) adulthood:

Explanation

Question 18 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Thyroid hormone aka
Source:
effect of hypothyroidism (childhood):
- : type of with

Explanation

Question 19 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Reproductive hormones
Estrogen -
-Source:
-Effect on bone: activity & of
-result: at
-menopause: in estrogen may lead to
Progesterone -

Explanation

Question 20 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Testosterone -
source:
Effects on bone: activity & of
result: men grow for a period of time than women

Explanation

Question 21 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Bone remodeling
def: removal of bone by and of bone by

Functions
1.) change bone
2.) maintain
3.) Bone after
4.) Convert bone to bone
5.) Replace worn and -
6.) increase or decrease as demands

Explanation

Question 22 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Role of bone cells
1.) osteoblasts: bone
2.) osteoclasts: bone
-secrete acid - bone salts
-secrete proteolytic enzymes -
-capable of

Explanation

Question 23 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Role of stress in bone remodeling
def:
increase stress ----> activity
decreased stress ------> activity
activity is affected by

Explanation

Question 24 of 60

1

select all the examples of the role of stress on bone

Select one or more of the following:

weight-lifting
marathon running
tuberosities of the bone
osteoporosis
orthodontics
poorly set bone
walking casts
bed ridden patients
having a bad diet
jumping

Explanation

Question 25 of 60

1

put the step of bone repair in order
1.) ❌
2.) ❌
3.) ❌
4.) ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

clot forms

callus of cartilage form

osteoblasts lay spongy bone

bone remodeling occurs

Explanation

Question 26 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Muscle tissue is specialized for:
- - physical
- - with a called
- - can be stretched out
- - after stretching
-but except muscle

Explanation

Question 27 of 60

1

Select all that is true about skeletal muscles

Select one or more of the following:

striated
nonstriated
single nucleus
multi nucleus
voluntary
involuntary
attached to bone
found in the heart
found in hollow organs

Explanation

Question 28 of 60

1

Select all that is true about cardiac muscles

Select one or more of the following:

striated
nonstriated
single nucleus
multi nucleus
voluntary
involuntary
attached to bone
found in the heart
found in hollow organs

Explanation

Question 29 of 60

1

Select all that is true about smooth muscles

Select one or more of the following:

striated
nonstriated
single nucleus
multi nucleus
voluntary
involuntary
attached to bone
found in the heart
found in hollow organs

Explanation

Question 30 of 60

1

Match the muscle with its function
Skeletal: ❌, ❌, ❌, ❌
Cardiac: ❌
Smooth: ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

pump blood through body via contractions

Movement

posture

heat production

breathing, speech

moves fluid along tubes

Explanation

Question 31 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label - some terms may be used more than once

note: the dot in the center of the second image represents the area from 6 to 6 on the diagram

Explanation

Question 32 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label - some terms may be used more than once

Explanation

Question 33 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Myofilaments -
Myosin- actin-
Bands/Zones:
A band -
I band -
H zone -
Thick and thin myofilaments shorten. Actin is the thing that moves, myosin move.
1.) on myosin actin along (uses much )
2,) Actin moves together
3.) Sarcomeres ; myofibril
4.) during contraction:
Z disks move , I bands , H zone , A bands

Explanation

Question 34 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Motor neuron
Def: that carry to / that muscle
The neuromuscular junction - where and meet
Neurotransmitter
-Acetylcholine () - always
-Function: muscle to
Inactivation of ACh - Acetylcholinesterase ()
-Function: ensure that action potential produces action potential

Explanation

Question 35 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Motor units
-Def: and all the muscle fibers it
Small Motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:
Large motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:

Recruitment of motor units: motor units are which the of muscle fibers -> muscle with force

Explanation

Question 36 of 60

1

❌ causes
❌ which causes
❌ to occur on the ❌
the muscle ❌ and causes
❌ ❌
At rest: ❌ ❌
after impulse: ❌ ❌
❌
❌ ❌
❌ ❌ ❌ and ❌
❌ ❌. ❌ ❌, and ❌ ❌, and ❌ the ❌
The ❌ ❌. This ❌ ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

An action potential on the motor neuron

the release of ACh

a second action potential

muscle fiber

action potential goes down the T-tubule

calcium to be released

from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

tropomyosin is blocking

actins binding site for myosin

Ca binds to troponin

causing tropomyosin to move and

expose actions binding site for myosin

A cross bridge can now form

between the actin and myosin head

ATP already stored in the myosin allows

the myosin head to "spring forward"

(the power stroke)

actin is pulled past myosin

ATP is broken down to ADP+P

by the head of the myosin

The energy released is used to

break the actin-myosin cross bridge

to pull the myosin head into

its original position

to provide energy for

next cross bridge formation and movement

sarcomeres shorten as cross bridges

form,move, break and reform

process is repeated throughout as long

as calcium and ATP are available

Explanation

Question 37 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

a.) calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b.) a second action potential to occur on the muscle fiber
c.) the muscle action potential goes down the T-tubule and causes
d.) an action potential on the motor neuron causes the release of ACh which causes
Correct order (seperated by commas):

Within Myofibril
e.) At rest: tropomyosin is blocking actions binding site for myosin
f.) ATP is broken down to ADP+P by the head of the myosin.
g.) expose actions binding site for myosin
h.)ATP already stored in the myosin allows the myosin head to "spring forward" (the power stroke) and
i.) A cross bridge can now form between the actin and myosin head
j.) The sarcomeres shorten as cross bridges form,move, break and reform. This process is repeated throughout as long as calcium and ATP are available
k.)after impulse: Ca binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to move and
l.) The energy released is used to break the actin-myosin cross bridge,
m.)actin is pulled past myosin
n.) and to pull the myosin head into its original position, and
o.) to provide energy for the next cross bridge formation and movement
Correct order (seperated by commas):

Explanation

Question 38 of 60

1

the ❌ must ❌
❌ ❌.
❌.
❌ the ❌ ❌ ❌ the ❌
❌ again ❌ ❌
❌ ❌ and ❌ ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

motor neuron

stop sending action potentials

ACh is broken down by

ACh-ase in the motor neuron

the muscle action potential stops

without the muscle action potential,

sarcoplasmic reticulum actively

(need ATP)

transports calcium back into

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Without calcium tropomyosin

blocks actin's binding site for myosin

so that new cross bridges cannot form

without crossbridges the muscle is

relaxed

can be passively stretched out by

another muscle or by gravity

Explanation

Question 39 of 60

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

a.) the muscle action potential stops
b.) ACh is broken down by ACh-ase in the motor neuron.
c.) the motor neuron must stop sending action potentials
d.) Without calcium tropomyosin again blocks actin's binding site for myosin so that new cross bridges cannot form
e.) without the muscle action potential, the sarcoplasmic reticulum actively (need ATP) transports calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
f.) without cross bridges the muscle is relaxed and can be passively stretched out by another muscle or by gravity
Correct order (separated by commas):

Explanation

Question 40 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label

Explanation

Question 41 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label

Explanation

Question 42 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label using
^ for increase and v for decrease
stim = stimulus

Explanation

Question 43 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Muscle fatigue
def:
cause: than
effect:

Explanation

Question 44 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label
^ increases, v decreases
DN: does not

Explanation

Question 45 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

muscle tone
state of of a
ex:
during sleep
if lost muscle grows :

Explanation

Question 46 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Creatine phosphate: stored in during
a.) + ----> +
b.) type of exercise:
c.) rate of ATP formation:
d.) time of availability:
e.) result:

Anaerobic respiration: oxygen
a.) ---> -----> ( that causes ) +
b.) type of exercise:
c.) rate of ATP formation:
d.) time of availability:
e.) result: but

Aerobic respiration: oxygen
a.) + ------> + +
b.) + ------> + +
c.) types of exercise: ()
d.) rate of ATP formation:
e.) result: able to form for

Explanation

Question 47 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Oxygen deficit - amount of that cells to after exercise
During vigorous exercise
a.) insufficient O2 delivery favors respiration
b.) is broken down to
c.) ---> --> +
d.) diffuses out of muscle and is taken up by the

After exercise
a.) is converted to by the
b.) and are
c.) oxygen is restored to and

Effect of cool-down exercise - oxygen debt

Fatigue
1.) Physiological contracture - due to resources, muscles function; cannot . be overcome
2.) psychological fatigue - common, your own , muscle function, be overcome

Explanation

Question 48 of 60

1

match

{"37.7766_23.0899":[{"id":46538299,"answer":"Type I","x":37.7766,"y":23.0899}],"36.4491_37.9775":[{"id":46538301,"answer":"high oxidative","x":36.4491,"y":37.9775}],"36.8916_50.8989":[{"id":46538303,"answer":"red","x":36.8916,"y":50.8989}],"35.7117_61.0112":[{"id":46538305,"answer":"postural muscles","x":35.7117,"y":61.0112}],"72.1423_25.0562":[{"id":46538300,"answer":"Type IIb","x":72.1423,"y":25.0562}],"38.809_71.1236":[{"id":46538306,"answer":"lower limb","x":38.809,"y":71.1236}],"74.5022_37.4157":[{"id":46538302,"answer":"low oxidative","x":74.5022,"y":37.4157}],"35.1217_80.9551":[{"id":46538309,"answer":"many mitochondria","x":35.1217,"y":80.9551}],"40.8739_81.5169":[{"id":46538311,"answer":"very vascular","x":40.8739,"y":81.5169}],"47.0686_81.236":[{"id":46538313,"answer":"myoglobin (O2 storing protein)","x":47.0686,"y":81.236}],"79.3695_50.618":[{"id":46538304,"answer":"white","x":79.3695,"y":50.618}],"71.9948_61.0112":[{"id":46538307,"answer":"chest","x":71.9948,"y":61.0112}],"36.0066_89.6629":[{"id":46538310,"answer":"lots of ATP","x":36.0066,"y":89.6629}],"51.9358_82.3596":[{"id":46538315,"answer":"fatigue resistant","x":51.9358,"y":82.3596}],"40.7264_90.2247":[{"id":46538312,"answer":"lots of O2","x":40.7264,"y":90.2247}],"69.635_71.6854":[{"id":46538308,"answer":"upper limb","x":69.635,"y":71.6854}],"46.0361_91.3483":[{"id":46538314,"answer":"little glycogen storage","x":46.0361,"y":91.3483}],"52.0833_93.0337":[{"id":46538316,"answer":"good marathon","x":52.0833,"y":93.0337}],"69.7824_81.236":[{"id":46538317,"answer":"few mitochondria","x":69.7824,"y":81.236}],"74.5022_82.0787":[{"id":46538319,"answer":"little myoglobin","x":74.5022,"y":82.0787}],"78.632_83.2022":[{"id":46538321,"answer":"rapid fatigue","x":78.632,"y":83.2022}],"70.0774_91.3483":[{"id":46538318,"answer":"less vascular","x":70.0774,"y":91.3483}],"83.3518_82.0787":[{"id":46538323,"answer":"little ATP","x":83.3518,"y":82.0787}],"74.9447_90.5056":[{"id":46538320,"answer":"much glycogen storage","x":74.9447,"y":90.5056}],"79.0745_93.3146":[{"id":46538322,"answer":"good sprinter","x":79.0745,"y":93.3146}],"84.2367_92.7528":[{"id":46538324,"answer":"little O2","x":84.2367,"y":92.7528}]}

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Type I

Type IIb

high oxidative

low oxidative

red

white

postural muscles

lower limb

chest

upper limb

many mitochondria

lots of ATP

very vascular

lots of O2

myoglobin (O2 storing protein)

little glycogen storage

fatigue resistant

good marathon

few mitochondria

less vascular

little myoglobin

much glycogen storage

rapid fatigue

good sprinter

little ATP

little O2

Explanation

Question 49 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Effect of aerobic exercise
A. mass - - number of muscle fibers change
1.) blood supply
2.) mitochondria ()
3.) Myofibrils -
-2&3 - the number of organelles in cells
Fiber type change

Explanation

Question 50 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Functions of nervous system
1.)
a.) external -
b.) internal - ex:
2) CNS processes () the above
3.) responds to interpretation by in ()
4.) nervous system makes

Explanation

Question 51 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label the reflex arc

Explanation

Question 52 of 60

1

label

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

nervous system

central nervous system

CNS

brain & spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

PNS

cranial and spinal nerves

sensory

afferent

incoming

motor

efferent

outgoing

somatic nervous system

SNS

to skeletal muscle ; voluntary control

autonomic nervous system

ANS

smooth/cardiac muscle/glands;involuntary

sympathetic

fight/flight

parasympathetic

rest/digest

Explanation

Question 53 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Nervous system cells
Neurons:
specialized for:
a.) excitability: to a with a :
b.) transmission: sends a message ""
c.) but not for

Explanation

Question 54 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label
the dot at the bottom not linked to a letter refers to the area between c and f

Explanation

Question 55 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Myelin sheath
structure: wrapping of of (pns) or (cns) cell around
Function: axon, causing of from to
axons may also be unmyelinated

Explanation

Question 56 of 60

1

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

structural classification of neurons

Explanation

Question 57 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Sensory () - - transmits action potential from
Interneuron () - transmits action potentials
Motor () - transmits action potentials from

Explanation

Question 58 of 60

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Gray matter: and axons
White matter: bundles of axons
Ganglia: neuron cell bodies in ( matter)
Nerves: of axons in
-Function classification
Sensory: carry . ex:
Motor: carry
*Mixed: - carries both
Tract: of axons in ( matter)

Explanation

Question 59 of 60

1

label with name (in box) and function (in bottom corner)

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

central

ependymal

produce/circulate cerebrospinal fluid

oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheaths, insulate axon CNS

astrocytes

forms blood-brain barrier, most abundant

microglial

help remove bacteria/debris from CNS

star-shaped

phagocytic

peripheral

Schwann

form myelin sheaths, insulate axon PNS

Explanation

Question 60 of 60

1

match the similarities and differnces of the pns and cns

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

ogliodendrocytes

produce myelin sheath

Schwann cell

nerve tract

collection of axons

nerves

Nuclei

collection of cell bodies

ganglion

	Created by Erin Knapp almost 3 years ago

Quiz on Lab exam (6,7,part of 8), created by Erin Knapp on 13/10/2021.

Lab exam (6,7,part of 8)

Question 1 of 60

Check all the functions of the skeletal system

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 60

the intracellular matrix of cartilage is made up of collagen and proteoglycans

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 60

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

the function of proteoglycans is to

Explanation

Question 4 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Hyaline cartilage Location: Function: ; Fibrocartilage Location: , Function:

Explanation

Question 5 of 60

match the cells with their function Osteoblasts: ❌ Osteocytes: ❌ ❌ - ❌ Osteoclasts: ❌ ❌ ❌ old, worn-out bone so ❌ can move in ❌ new bone

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 6 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Collagen source: secreted by function: the of the bone; adds Bone Minerals: / crystals Function: /

Explanation

Question 7 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Intramembranonus ossification Location: Process: bone tissue forms in

Explanation

Question 8 of 60

endochondral ossification location: ❌ Process: 1.) ❌ 2.) ❌ 3.) ❌ ❌ 4.) ❌ ❌ 5.) ❌ ❌ 6.) ❌ - ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 9 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

What two processes make up prenatal ossification? and ossification

Explanation

Question 10 of 60

Growth in length: occurs at the ❌ Process: 1.) ❌ and ❌ 2.) ❌ and ❌ 3.) ❌ 4.) ❌ ❌ ❌ 5.) ❌ 6.) ❌ closure of ❌ results in ❌ effect: ❌ additional growth happens at ❌ of puberty

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 11 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Growth in diameter role of osteoclasts -marrow cavity -the thickness of compact bone is

Explanation

Question 12 of 60

what are the three most important things for bone nutrition and homeostasis

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

-Calcium is the nutrition Source: () Absorption: requires -Vitamin C is needed to -Vitamin D is needed to -Vitamin A is needed to -Phosphorus is the nutrient -Vitamin K the formation of -Magnesium is the nutrient -Protein is needed for

Explanation

Question 14 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Osteoporosis - bone ; bone mass - more common in -prevention: diet high in , avoid , exercise

Explanation

Question 15 of 60

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

homeostasis

Explanation

Question 16 of 60

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

homeostasis

Explanation

Question 17 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Growth hormone: Source: : known as the Function: -Bone: activity -Cartilage: activity -Overall effect: growth is Hyposecretion of GH (childhood) hypo= a.) pituitary b.) calcification of Hypersecretion of GH Hyper= a.) childhood: b.) adulthood:

Explanation

Question 18 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Thyroid hormone aka Source: effect of hypothyroidism (childhood): - : type of with

Explanation

Question 19 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Reproductive hormones Estrogen - -Source: -Effect on bone: activity & of -result: at -menopause: in estrogen may lead to Progesterone -

Explanation

Question 20 of 60

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Hyaline cartilage
Location:
Function: ;
Fibrocartilage
Location: ,
Function:

match the cells with their function
Osteoblasts: ❌
Osteocytes: ❌ ❌ - ❌
Osteoclasts: ❌

❌ ❌ old, worn-out bone so ❌ can move in ❌ new bone

Collagen
source: secreted by
function: the of the bone; adds

Bone Minerals:
/ crystals
Function: /

Intramembranonus ossification
Location:
Process: bone tissue forms in

endochondral ossification
location: ❌
Process:
1.) ❌
2.) ❌
3.) ❌ ❌
4.) ❌ ❌
5.) ❌ ❌
6.) ❌
- ❌

What two processes make up prenatal ossification?
and ossification

Growth in length:
occurs at the ❌

Process:
1.) ❌ and ❌
2.) ❌ and ❌
3.) ❌
4.) ❌ ❌ ❌
5.) ❌
6.) ❌

closure of ❌ results in ❌
effect: ❌ additional growth happens at ❌ of puberty

Growth in diameter
role of osteoclasts
-marrow cavity
-the thickness of compact bone is

-Calcium is the nutrition
Source: ()
Absorption: requires
-Vitamin C is needed to
-Vitamin D is needed to
-Vitamin A is needed to
-Phosphorus is the nutrient
-Vitamin K the formation of
-Magnesium is the nutrient
-Protein is needed for

Osteoporosis
- bone ; bone mass
- more common in
-prevention: diet high in , avoid , exercise

Growth hormone:
Source: : known as the
Function:
-Bone: activity
-Cartilage: activity
-Overall effect: growth is

Hyposecretion of GH (childhood)
hypo=
a.) pituitary
b.) calcification of

Hypersecretion of GH
Hyper=
a.) childhood:
b.) adulthood:

Thyroid hormone aka
Source:
effect of hypothyroidism (childhood):
- : type of with

Reproductive hormones
Estrogen -
-Source:
-Effect on bone: activity & of
-result: at
-menopause: in estrogen may lead to
Progesterone -

Testosterone -
source:
Effects on bone: activity & of
result: men grow for a period of time than women

Bone remodeling
def: removal of bone by and of bone by

Functions
1.) change bone
2.) maintain
3.) Bone after
4.) Convert bone to bone
5.) Replace worn and -
6.) increase or decrease as demands

Role of bone cells
1.) osteoblasts: bone
2.) osteoclasts: bone
-secrete acid - bone salts
-secrete proteolytic enzymes -
-capable of

Role of stress in bone remodeling
def:
increase stress ----> activity
decreased stress ------> activity
activity is affected by

put the step of bone repair in order
1.) ❌
2.) ❌
3.) ❌
4.) ❌

Muscle tissue is specialized for:
- - physical
- - with a called
- - can be stretched out
- - after stretching
-but except muscle

Match the muscle with its function
Skeletal: ❌, ❌, ❌, ❌
Cardiac: ❌
Smooth: ❌

label - some terms may be used more than once

note: the dot in the center of the second image represents the area from 6 to 6 on the diagram

Motor neuron
Def: that carry to / that muscle
The neuromuscular junction - where and meet
Neurotransmitter
-Acetylcholine () - always
-Function: muscle to
Inactivation of ACh - Acetylcholinesterase ()
-Function: ensure that action potential produces action potential

Motor units
-Def: and all the muscle fibers it
Small Motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:
Large motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:

Recruitment of motor units: motor units are which the of muscle fibers -> muscle with force

❌ causes
❌ which causes
❌ to occur on the ❌
the muscle ❌ and causes
❌ ❌
At rest: ❌ ❌
after impulse: ❌ ❌
❌
❌ ❌
❌ ❌ ❌ and ❌
❌ ❌. ❌ ❌, and ❌ ❌, and ❌ the ❌
The ❌ ❌. This ❌ ❌