f(x) + k
Shifts vertically by k upward
Shifts horizontally by k upward
f(x) - k
shifts vertically k downward
shifts horizontally k upward
-f(x)
reflects f(x) in the x-axis
reflects f(x) in the y-axis
f(-x)
f(x+k)
shifts horizontally by k to the left
shifts vertically by k to the left
f(x-k)
shifts horizontally by k to the right
shifts vertically by k to the right
pf(x) when p>1
stretches vertically by a scale factor of p
stretches horizontally by a scale factor of p
f(qx) when q>1
compresses horizontally by a scale factor of 1/q
compresses vertically by a scale factor of 1/q