❌, refers to seeing a ‘similar other’ ❌ perform the behaviour and ❌ one’s own performance against the performance of that similar other. ❌ is learning by observing someone else doing it. If they can do it, I think I can do it too.

Modelling/vicarious experience -
❌ - Bandura

•posits that human behaviour is the product of the dynamic interplay of personal, ❌ and environmental influences.
•emphasizes that learning occurs in a social context and that much of what is learned is gained through ❌.

Why do we learn from others?
For most activities, there are no absolute measures of adequacy.
Therefore, people must ❌ in relation to the attainment of others.
(Bandura, 1977)

Social ❌ Theory centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate ❌.

The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to ❌

If people want to achieve something, they model themselves on people who do it a little better.

Following the initial theory, research began to focus on social comparison as a way of self-❌.

Comparing ourselves to others is, for many activities, the only way to ‘know’ whether we are good at the activity.

Modelling/vicarious experience - central element

Not imitation, but ❌ through ❌ and social comparison processes ƒ - not just doing what others are doing - process of appraisal of other’s behaviour, social comparison.

Choosing to use modelling/vicarious experience

According to Bandura, observational learning/modeling is the second most important source of ❌ information (after enactive mastery)

In order for modelling/vicarious experience methods to be effective, the target group should be ❌. The method will not work with ❌ as they are unable to self-appraise.

The method should be used for people who need to improve their self-efficacy.

Example - use of modelling/vicarious experience

❌ intervention for smoking cessation in which the role models were ex-smokers who had the same ❌ as the participants. The people in the intervention group were asked to select one out of six role models (all ex-smokers) from whom they would receive ❌. The role models were discussing issues they had found difficult and ❌ they used to remain smoke-free. Participants could ask for ❌ on demand.

Examples - use of modelling/vicarious experience

The North ❌ Project is long-term project in ❌ to reduce ❌ and other chronic diseases. It conducted mass media campaigns featuring peer modeling in a ❌ format: people in North Karelia were followed in news and public affairs programming as they ❌ to quit smoking, lose or maintain weight and control hypertension. Interpersonal communication networks were organized to provide ❌ and social reinforcement for new behaviours and advocacy of environmental changes such as smoking-free environments and higher cigarette taxes. Over ❌ these activities led to changes in behaviour that translated into a ❌, 65% reduction in lung cancer and longer life expectancy.