PSYC3700 Exam 1

Question 1 of 82

1

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argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.

Explanation

Question 2 of 82

1

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argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.

Explanation

Question 3 of 82

1

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knowledge is also known as , which is knowing THAT something is the case.

Explanation

Question 4 of 82

1

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knowledge is also known as , which is knowing HOW to do something.

Explanation

Question 5 of 82

1

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knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.

Explanation

Question 6 of 82

1

is to rationalism as __ is to empiricism

Select one or more of the following:

Locke; Descartes
Descartes; Locke

Explanation

Question 7 of 82

1

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are from the general to the specific

Explanation

Question 8 of 82

1

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are from the specific to the general

Explanation

Question 9 of 82

1

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Darwin had a view of the mind

Explanation

Question 10 of 82

1

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can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor

Explanation

Question 11 of 82

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Nature is to , and nurture is to ___.

Select one of the following:

Declarative Knowledge/Hot & Procedural Knowledge/Cold
Declarative Knowledge/Cold & Procedural Knowledge/Hot
Procedural Knowledge/Hot & Declarative/Cold
Procedural Knowledge/Cold & Declarative Knowledge/Hot

Explanation

Question 12 of 82

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Evolution can be defined as

Explanation

Question 13 of 82

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Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements:

Explanation

Question 14 of 82

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is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under

Explanation

Question 15 of 82

1

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The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of rather than .

Explanation

Question 16 of 82

1

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are the wellspring of evolutionary change.

Explanation

Question 17 of 82

1

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Natural selection can only operate on .

Explanation

Question 18 of 82

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Natural selection modifying existing attributes to do different things

Select one of the following:

Adaptive radiation
Divergent evolution
Fitness
Gene pool

Explanation

Question 19 of 82

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is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.

Explanation

Question 20 of 82

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is a set of structures that are shared by a common ancestor (such as the flipper or a walrus and the wing of a bat).

Explanation

Question 21 of 82

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Why can no adaptation ever be perfect?

Select one of the following:

Environmental conditions are not fixed and change over time
Mutations are the wellspring of evolution
Natural selection can only act on what exists
All of the above
Environmental conditions are not fixed & natural selection can only act on what exists

Explanation

Question 22 of 82

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, is the emergence of a new species

Explanation

Question 23 of 82

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is speciation that follows from a population of animals being separated spatially.

Explanation

Question 24 of 82

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As was the case with Darwin's finches, appearance is helpful in identifying species, but it does not define the species: the adherence to this definition is

Explanation

Question 25 of 82

1

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( Hybridization, Allopatric speciation, Divergent evolution, Homoplasy ) is when the population may re-join without speciation taking place and the 2 gene pools effectively merge

Explanation

Question 26 of 82

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To understand the historical or evolutionary context in which specific characteristics arise or disappear, we need to be able to identify the taxa using a

Explanation

Question 27 of 82

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Skeletal material and behaviour are both

Explanation

Question 28 of 82

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A trait that is shared by 2 or more species, but is not present in the common ancestor because it has evolved more recently. This provides a more accurate picture of relatedness, called ( synapmorphies, apomorphies, homoplasy, homology, analogy )

Explanation

Question 29 of 82

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or is when a trait can carry or disappear within a clade independently of a common ancestor.

Explanation

Question 30 of 82

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A is a set of adjacent alleles or DNA sequences that is inherited together

Explanation

Question 31 of 82

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Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

Looking at the graph of oil-droplet evolution in vervetes,
Label 1. Which TWO species evolved independently from one another since the time of separation from the common ancestor
and 2. Which vision was the common ancestor for the bottom group?
and 3.What principle is graph illustrating?

Explanation

Question 32 of 82

1

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The problem with is that we cannot extract useable genetic material from fossils, and gene clocks may not be properly calibrated. Thus, we must combine phenotypic phylogenies and genotypic phylogenies.

Explanation

Question 33 of 82

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Darwin promoted the when he pointed to baboons as a source of information

Explanation

Question 34 of 82

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Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they (chimpanzees) are related to gorillas.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 35 of 82

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The good thing about gene-based phylogenies is that the number of mutations that have occurred within and across clades can also serve as a molecular clock for dating.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 36 of 82

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operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate.

Explanation

Question 37 of 82

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For a gene/molecular clock to be calibrated, a is conducted

Explanation

Question 38 of 82

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The hominoidea group does not include apes and is solely consisting of all homosapians (living and extinct)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 39 of 82

1

Hominoids are characterized by 3 distinct modes of locomotion.... which ones?

Select one or more of the following:

Bipedalism
Knuckle walking
Brachiation
Swimming
Sitting
Swinging

Explanation

Question 40 of 82

1

Humans are alone among the living primates in habitually walking bipedally. It is a feature only of the hominid lineage.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 41 of 82

1

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Bipedalism evolved from a ( knuckle walking, brachiating, swimming, quadrapedal ) ancestor

Explanation

Question 42 of 82

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The good thing about gene-based phylogenies:

Select one or more of the following:

Operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate, reflecting amount of time has passed since they split off from a common ancestor. Calibrated using a fossil record [how they found dogs were wolves]
They are unbiased and scientifically accurate.
Helps identify possible selection pressures.
Allows us to infer WHEN attributes first emerged as well as it's functional significance.
They tell us not only WHEN something happened, but also WHERE it did.

Explanation

Question 43 of 82

1

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( Founder effects, Allopatric speciation, Synapomorphy, Anapomorphy ) can be defined as the loss of genetic variability, through chance alone, that occurs when a small subset of a larger population is reproductively isolated and thus shifts the gene pool accordingly

Explanation

Question 44 of 82

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is a major problem in the construction of phylogenies. But, if we can identify it as such, it can be valuable in the comparative method.

Explanation

Question 45 of 82

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is an expression of the same trait by different members of a clade only because it has been carried and hasn't come under selection pressure (if it ain't broke - don't fix it!)

Explanation

Question 46 of 82

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Even though we have equal numbers of living arboreal and terrestrial species, there is no evidence that the group size of each is a consequence of its ecological niche [analyze by interdependent contrasts]

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 47 of 82

1

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is a good example of descent with modification in hominin communities.

Explanation

Question 48 of 82

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( Platyrrhini, Strepsirihini, Haporhini, Catarrhini ) primates are broad nosed. Their nostrils are far apart and generally open to the side. These are the New World Monkeys [confined to Central and South America] and are typically diurnal.

Explanation

Question 49 of 82

1

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( Catarrhini, Platyrrihini, Haplorhini, Strepsirhini ) primates are narrow nosed that are flat and downwards. This includes humans and the old world monkeys/apes [Africa/Asia]

Explanation

Question 50 of 82

1

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( Strepsirhini, Haplorhini, Platyrrihni, Catarrhini ) primates have a bent, inwardly turned nose, and typically wet dog-like noses and are mostly nocturnal.

Explanation

Question 51 of 82

1

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( Haplorhini, Strepsirhini, Platyrrihni, Catarrhini ) primates have simple noses are have 2 subtypes within this group.

Explanation

Question 52 of 82

1

We humans, and other apes of the Platyrrihini, are apart of the Hominoidea group.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 53 of 82

1

Hominoidea [we + apes of the catarrhine] belong to this group. Phylogenetically, the apes are characterized by the absence of a tail and are generally divided into 2 groups:

Select one or more of the following:

Hylobatidae [lesser apes]
Hominidae [great apes]
Hylobatidae [great apes]
Hominidae [lesser apes]

Explanation

Question 54 of 82

1

The few living apes that were around during the miocene area occupied a variety of ecological niches and probably displayed physical and behavioural diversity that we now associate with the Old World Monkeys that replaced them [baboons, vervet monkeys]

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 55 of 82

1

Not all living apes are ripe fruit eaters.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 56 of 82

1

The era in which mammals first appeared, or the 'age of the reptiles'.

Select one or more of the following:

Misocene era
Mesozoic era
Cretacious period

Explanation

Question 57 of 82

1

Which 3 clades made it through the cretacious period when dinosaurs died?

Select one or more of the following:

Platypus
Marsupials
Placental mammals
Monkeys

Explanation

Question 58 of 82

1

There was a lineage splitting and this diversification is linked to the occupation of different and recently vacated ecological niches. It's likely that the diversification was underpinned by 3 apomorphic adaptations...

Select one or more of the following:

Sensitive hearing made possible by the evolutionary emergence of the detached middle ear from the mandible
The evolution of tribosphenic molars
The emergence of the capacity to regulate body temperature using metabolic heat or shivering
The evolution of bipedalism to maximize transportation efficiency through running
The evolution of speech

Explanation

Question 59 of 82

1

As a general rule, the most important thing to be able to do while up a tree is to avoid predation.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 60 of 82

1

What 3 adaptations made the ability to move from one food source to another possible?

Select one or more of the following:

The evolution of primate grasp: the power grip, and the precision grip
The evolution of binocular vision to aid stereopsis
The emergence of only having 1 offspring at a time as opposed to a litter
The emergence of language
Speed increased by past experience with predators

Explanation

Question 61 of 82

1

Which 3 things were sacrificed for the adaptations to live in the trees?

Select one or more of the following:

Teeth
Claws
Panoramic vision
Sociality
Quadrapedalism
Problem solving
Binocular vision
Digit

Explanation

Question 62 of 82

1

❌ australopiths chewed their way out of trouble. Their teeth are large, grinding molars that allowed them to process hard foods. ❌ australopiths had teeth that were less committed to a particular ecological view.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Robust

Gracile

Explanation

Question 63 of 82

1

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The first identified member of our species was either or

Explanation

Question 64 of 82

1

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was the first hominin to leave Africa

Explanation

Question 65 of 82

1

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was a hominin with small stature and small brain size

Explanation

Question 66 of 82

1

The emergence of the hominids is associated with:

Select one of the following:

living in the trees
competition with apes living alongside humans
the cooling down and drying out of Africa
predation driving hominids to expand across the world

Explanation

Question 67 of 82

1

The problems posed by savanna woodlands are of 2 kinds

Select one or more of the following:

Those associated with getting enough food and water
Those associated with increased risk of predation
Those associated with staying cool
Those associated with needing to communicate

Explanation

Question 68 of 82

1

Primates have a specialized cooling system to cool their brains.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 69 of 82

1

Our inheritance of small incisors means that we were not dentally pre-adapted to meat eating.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 70 of 82

1

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Lucy, an ( australopithecus afarensis, homo erectus, homo habilis, homo ergaster, neanderthal, homo florensiensis ), was readily bipedal. Unlike chimps and more like us, her arms are shortened relative to her legs and her spine is curved and her tarsal bones are less manoeuvrable.

Explanation

Question 71 of 82

1

We see in hominids a reduction in size of incisors and canine teeth and a substantial increase in the size of the molars. We also find an increase in the robustness of the lower jaw.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 72 of 82

1

Skeletal fossils allow us to infer not only the overall size of an extinct animal but also how it moved.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 73 of 82

1

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Living in a more open country places a premium on the need for ( locomotion to be energetically efficient, self-defence against predation, trees to sprout up to live in, stereopsis vision for finding food ).

Explanation

Question 74 of 82

1

Running is more energetically demanding than running.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 75 of 82

1

The smaller you are, it makes no difference in efficiency for walking vs running. If you are bigger, running has more energy costs.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 76 of 82

1

Chimp walking is very inefficient compared to the cost expected for a quadrupedal mammal of the same weight. Chimpanzees are more efficient when they run.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 77 of 82

1

Modern humans have an extraordinary capacity for long-distance running. Humans have a suite of adaptation that make the costs of endurance running tolerable....

Select one or more of the following:

Adaptations that minimize energy demand [balanced head, swivelling neck, long achilles tendons that soak up energy for free, large gluteus maximus for balance]
Humans have become taller and leaner [reduces the surface area exposed to direct sunlight and allows us to benefit from laminar air flow & alters body volume/surface ratio to ease heat loss]
Stereopsis vision [color vision, binocular vision, precision]
Bipedalism

Explanation

Question 78 of 82

1

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The is the collision of competing locomotory and reproductive selection pressures.

Explanation

Question 79 of 82

1

Primate fetuses grow faster than those of average mammals.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 80 of 82

1

Human gestation is evolutionarily conserved.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 81 of 82

1

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If it weren't for our , we would all arrive in the world without any real complications.

Explanation

Question 82 of 82

1

In order to deal with the problems of large heads in humans, (2 things):

Select one or more of the following:

We are born earlier than we should be
Natural selection has produced very elastic neonatal skulls that can deform in response to the pressures imposed by a rigid pelvis
We have adapted to sweat in order to 'cool our brains'
Natural selection has provided us with language

	Created by Amy Labossiere over 9 years ago

PSYC3700 Exam 1

PSYC3700 Exam 1

Question 1 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.

Explanation

Question 2 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.

Explanation

Question 3 of 82

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

knowledge is also known as , which is knowing THAT something is the case.

Explanation

Question 4 of 82

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

knowledge is also known as , which is knowing HOW to do something.

Explanation

Question 5 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.

Explanation

Question 6 of 82

____________ is to rationalism as ______________ is to empiricism

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

are from the general to the specific

Explanation

Question 8 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

are from the specific to the general

Explanation

Question 9 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Darwin had a view of the mind

Explanation

Question 10 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor

Explanation

Question 11 of 82

Nature is to __________, and nurture is to _____________.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Evolution can be defined as

Explanation

Question 13 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements:

Explanation

Question 14 of 82

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under

Explanation

Question 15 of 82

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of rather than .

Explanation

Question 16 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

are the wellspring of evolutionary change.

Explanation

Question 17 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Natural selection can only operate on .

Explanation

Question 18 of 82

Natural selection modifying existing attributes to do different things

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.

Explanation

Question 20 of 82

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

is to rationalism as __ is to empiricism

Nature is to , and nurture is to ___.

( Hybridization, Allopatric speciation, Divergent evolution, Homoplasy ) is when the population may re-join without speciation taking place and the 2 gene pools effectively merge

A trait that is shared by 2 or more species, but is not present in the common ancestor because it has evolved more recently. This provides a more accurate picture of relatedness, called ( synapmorphies, apomorphies, homoplasy, homology, analogy )

Looking at the graph of oil-droplet evolution in vervetes,
Label 1. Which TWO species evolved independently from one another since the time of separation from the common ancestor
and 2. Which vision was the common ancestor for the bottom group?
and 3.What principle is graph illustrating?