judgement

attribute substitution

Frequency estimate

How do we make frequency estimates when we don;t have the quantitative information?

Heuristic

availability heuristic

How is memory involved in the availability heuristic? Provide an example.

What explains why people buy lottery tickets even though winning is so rare?

Representativeness heuristic

Gambler's fallacy

covariation

Why do we experience illusion of covariation?

confirmation bias

base-rate neglect

Kahneman and Tversky

Dual-process models

Type I way of thinking

Type II way of thinking

When do we use the Type I way of thinking? When do we use Type II?

How can we mitigate base-rate neglect?

How does random chance factor into our judgements?

cognitive reflection test

induction

deduction

Subtypes of confirmation bias

Belief preserverance

categorical syllogisms

valid syllogisms

invalid syllogisms

Why did we conclude that invalid syllogisms are accurate?

belief bias

Four-card task

conditional statement

What does the four card task show us?

utility maximization

How does framing affect decision making?

endowment effect

What phenomenom explains why there are less organ donors in the US compared to other countries?

reason-based choice

How can framing change our deicisons when it does not change the utility for the outcomes?

How does emotion play a role in decision making?

somatic markers

orbitofrontal cortex

affective forecasting

Why is affective forecasting often inaccurate?

problem space

Two types of problem-solving heuristics

hill-climbing strategy

Limitations of the hill-climbing strategy

means-end analysis

How are pictures and diagrams helpful in problem solving?

Why are analogies useful in problem-solving? What is the problem with analogies?

Mapping

How do analogies improve problem solving?

What do experts do differently when solving problems?

ill-defined problems

What is the best way to approach an ill-defined problem?

well-defined problems

functional fixedness

problem-solving set

Uses and limitations of problem-solving sets

nine-dot problem

Creative individuals generally...

personality traits of a creative individual

What does it mean to say that creative individuals are in the right place at the right time?

Wallas's 4 stages of creative thought

1. preparation

incubation

illumination

verification

evidence that Aha!moments aren't real. What might they be instead?

Proposals for why there is inconsistency in determining whether incubation is real

Why do some claim that your mind must wander during incubation?

What do experts and creative people do when solving problems?

convergent thinking

divergent thinking

Remote association test

Binet

Binet test score

intelligence quotient

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Raven's progressive matrices test

Reliability

Is test-retest reliability high or low for IQ tests?

When might an IQ test not have test-retest reliability?

validity

predictive validity of IQ tests

General intelligence

Factor analysis

Spearman

hierarchial model of intelligence

Fluid intelligence

When does fluid intelligence peak? crystalized?

What can deteriorate fluid intelligence earlier?

crystalized intelligence

Correlation between fluid and crystalized intelligence

inspection time

Working-memory capacity (WMC)

practical intelligence

intelligence vs rationality

rationality

emotional intelligence

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Savant syndrome

evidence of genetics in intelligence

evidence for environment in intelligence

Flynn Effect

Why can we say that the Flynn Effect is due to environmental factors of intelligence and not genetic?

Reasons for different average intelligences between groups

Stereotype threat

How can education be better suited to increase intelligence?

cognitive unconscious

Difference between products and processes

unconscious reasoning

mistaken introspections

after-the-fact reconstruction

What does it mean to say that consciousness is guided by unconscious frameworks?

What is the framework that the unconscious provides when problem solving?

Korsakoff's syndrome

Blind sight

subliminal perception

Pros and cons of cognitive unconscious

action slips

What processes are governed by the unconscious (go without executive control)?

What do we need to rise above habit and avoid responding to prominent cues in our surroundings?

What does executive control need to rise above habit?

metacognition

support for plants assessing risk

Metacognition vs. Executive control

mind wandering

How can we mitigate mind wandering?

neural correlates of consciousness

Two different types of neural networks responsible for consciousness

What brain areas are associated with level of alertness in consciousness?

reticular activating system

What brain areas are associated with you being consciously aware of sights in front of you (or of an visual image you've created)?

What brain areas are associated with you being consciously aware of stimuli that are no longer present in your environment?

neuronal workspace hypothesis

binding problem

How does attention help solve the binding problem?

workspace neurons

What does it mean that workspace neurons are selective?

What determines which elements win when the brain is integrating information?

How can we link the neuronal workspace hypothesis to executive function?

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

access consciousness

Phenomenal consciousness

Two types of consciousness

Qualia

processing fluency

How can we perceive processing fluency?

Why are there memories that we are very confident in that are very inaccurate?

mind-body problem

Phineas Gage

Hebb & Penfield

Frontal lobe syndrome (FLS)

Evidence for frontal lobe developing last

What is happening evolutionarily to our frontal lobes?

Rhesus vs. galago monkeys

object permanence

Stroop task and executive control

Wisconsin card sorting task

Tower of Hanoi

Marshmallow test

A not B error

What does the A not B error demonstrate?

When do children stop making the A not B error?

When do infant monkeys stop making the A not B error?

How do we know that executive functioning is a component of the frontal cortex?

How can we improve executive functioning?

Use it or lose it principle

Why are choices so critical during teenage years?

When do gray matter connections peak and pruning begin?

Giedd

Diamond

Difference between boys and girls brains

Gottman

the positivity proportion

emotional coaching for a child

implicit association bias

Damasio

Iowa Gambling task

How do people with frontal lobe damage do wth the Iowa gambling task?

empathetic mirror neurons

psychopaths and empathy

Peggy Mason

prescriptive theories of decision making

descriptive theories of decision making

prospect theory

Herb Simon

bounded rationality

consciousness

How do we measure consciousness?

vigilance

awareness

Two axes of consciousness

Glasgow Coma Scale

What does a score of 15 mean on the glasgow coma sclae?

How long before consciousness do we actually make a decision?