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kenzieaj14
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membrane structures and functions
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ap biology
membrane structure
functions
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kenzieaj14
over 9 years ago
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3850650
mind_map
2016-10-05T00:31:25Z
Membrane structure &
function
plasma membrane
has
lipids
a example is
cholesterol
helps modify the fluidity of
the membrane over a range
of temperatures
phospholipid bilayer
is an
amphipathic molecule
has both a
hydrophilic
water loving
hydrohobic
water fearing
naturally
associate with
polar water
molecules
what makes one
membrane different from
another are the types of
proteins integrated
into the membrane
embedded proteins
are termed
integral proteins
proteins that
occur only
on the
cytoplasmic
side of the
membrane
are
peripheral proteins
only
animal cells
have an
extracellular matrix
which contains
various protein fibers and
very large complex
carbohydrate molecules
leads
eternal support to the plasma
membrane to assisting in
communications between cells
model used to
describe
is the
fluid-mosaic model
flexible structure
that states
cells are pliable because
phospholipid bilayer is
fluid
also
the fluidity of the membrane
prevents it form solidifying as
external temperature drops
the greater the
concentration of
unsaturated fatty
acid residue the
more fluid the bilayer
is considered mosaic
because of
presence of many proteins
when
phospholipids and proteins
have attached
carbohydrate(sugar) chains
is called
glycolipids and glycoproteins
occur outside the surface
occur on one surface or
the other
the 2 sides of
membrane are not
identical
membrane is
asymmetrical
carbohydrate
gives the cell
a sugar coat
its called
glycocalyx
protects cells
and other
functions
each cell has its
own finger print
functions of proteins
channel protein
allows a molecule to cross the plasma
membrane, they form a channel that allows
a substance to move from one side to the
other
cystic fibrosis, an inherited disorder is
caused by a faulty chloride channel
carrier protein
interacts with a molecule so that it can cross the
plasma membrane, they receive a substance and change
their shape and this change serves to move the
substance across the membrane
without this carrier protein nerve impulse
conduction would be impossible
cell recognition protein
are glycoproteins that help the body to recognize when it
is being invaded by pathogens so that an immune
response can occur
without this recognition pathogens would
be able to freely invade the body and
hinder its function
receptor protein
have a shape that allow sonly a specific molecule to bind to
it, binding the molecule causes the protein to change its
shape and bring cellular response
coordination of bodies organs is dependent on
such signaling molecules
enzymatic protein
carry out metabolic reactions directly, catalyzes
a specific reaction
wouldn't be able to maintain a metabolism
junction proteins
tight junction join cells so that a tissue can fulfill
a function, signaling molecules that pass through
the plasma membrane allow cilia that line you
respiratory tract to beat in unison
embryo would have no nervous system
is
selectively permeable
allowing only certain
substances into the cell
while keeping other out
require
no energy to
diffuse across
membranes
polar molecules are chemically
incompatible with the center of
membrane and require expenditure
of energy to drive their transport
concentration gradient
molecules move from an area where
their concentration is high to an area
where their concentration is low
all proteins have
channel proteins
called
aquaporins
allow water to cross a
membrane more
quickly than expected
allow
cells to equalize water
pressure difference
another transport is
bulk transport
is a way that large particles
can exit or enter a cell
a cell is selective about
what enter by edocytosis
movement of molecules
from a higher to a lower
concentration, that is down
their concentration gradient
until equilibrium is achieved
is
diffusion
a
solution
contain both
solute
solid
solvent
liquid
factors affection
temp ,pressure,
electrical currents
and size
as temp increases
the rate of diffusion
increases
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
from low to high concentration
always occurs
from higher to
lower
concentrations
osmotic pressure
is
pressure that develops in a
system due to osmosis, causes a
greater possibility that the water
will diffuse in a specific direction
isotonic solutins
is
solute concentration and
water concentration both
inside and out are equal
tonicity
strength of solution
hypotonic solution
are
solutions that cause cells
to swell or even burst
due to intake of water
hypertonic solution
solutions that cause
cells to shrink due to
loss of water
the swelling of a plant in a hypotonic solution
creates
turgor pressure
when the cytoplasm expands because the large
central vacuole gains water and the plasma
membrane pushes against the rigid cell wall
plants wilt due to decreased turgor pressure
if placed in a
hypertonic
solution water
leaves the cell
if a plant is placed in solution the
plasma membrane pulls away from the
cell wall as the large central vacuole
loses water
this is an example of
plasmolysis
shrinking of cytoplasm
due to osmosis
facilitated transport
allows
the rate a which a
solute crosses the
plasma membrane to
speed up by a carrier
protein
requires
expenditure of energy because the
molecules are moving down their
concentration gradient
active transport
is
transporting molecules
against its concentration
gradient
requires
energy
proteins involved
in active
transport are
called
pumps
proteins use energy to move a
substance against it
concentration gradient
the transporter of sodium and potassium is called
sodium-potassium pump
has an initial shape
that allows it to bind 3
sodium ions
phosphate from an ATP
molecule is added to the carrier
protein and it changes shape,
this shape change moves
sodium across the membrane.
the new shape is no longer
compatible with binding to the
sodium, falls away and binds
with potassuim
2 potassium and 3 sodium
creates a solute gradient
and electrical gradient
excoytosis
an intracellular vesicle fuses
with the plasma membrane
as secretion occurs
membrane of the vesicles
becomes a part of the
plasma membrane
because
both are nonpolar
endocytosis
cells take in substances by
forming vesicles around the
materials
occurs in 3 way
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor
mediated
endocytosis
special form of pinocytosis
transports large
substances
transports small
substances
cell eating
cell drinking
selective and more efficent
junctions between cells
are
adhesion junctions
serve to mechanically
attach adjacent cells
2 types
desmosomes
high flexible
sheet of cells
gap junction
allows
cells to communitcate
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3850650
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