Foundations Midterm/Final

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Question 1 of 199

The nuclear force which holds electrons in “orbit” around an atom is called:

Select one of the following:

gravity
charge
valence force
binding energy

Explanation

Question 2 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

right
left
remains the same

Explanation

Question 3 of 199

Scatter radiation is mostly a result of the Photoelectric interaction.

Select one of the following:

true
false

Explanation

Question 4 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

right
left
remains the same

Explanation

Question 5 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain the same

Explanation

Question 6 of 199

The Compton interaction is mainly responsible for radiographer dose.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 7 of 199

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

Select one of the following:

decrease
increase
remain the same

Explanation

Question 8 of 199

As the atomic number of an element increases, the energy required to remove an inner shell electron _____________________.

Select one of the following:

increases
decreases
is unchanged

Explanation

Question 9 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 199

The end product(s) of the photoelectric effect is/are:

Select one of the following:

one ejected electron and an orbital vacancy
one ejected electron only
one scattered photon, one ejected electron, and an orbital vacancy
one scattered photon only
one orbital vacancy only

Explanation

Question 11 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If an incident photon has an energy of 90 keV and undergoes a Compton interaction giving 20 keV to the ejected electron which had a binding energy of 2 keV, determine the energy of the scattered photon.
the energy is keV

Explanation

Question 12 of 199

Which of the following is NOT an interaction between x-ray photons and matter?

Select one of the following:

compton interaction
photoelectric interaction
brems interaction
coherent interaction

Explanation

Question 13 of 199

The greatest amount of scatter is produced from the _____________________ interaction.

Select one of the following:

coherent
compton
characteristic
brems

Explanation

Question 14 of 199

Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 15 of 199

A high energy x-ray photon has a long wavelength.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 16 of 199

An 80-kV photon undergoes a coherent scattering interaction with an orbital electron having a binding energy of 8 kV. What is the energy of the resulting scattered photon?

Select one of the following:

88 kV
8 kV
72 kV
80 kV

Explanation

Question 17 of 199

Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable ____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam.

Select one of the following:

low energy x-ray photons
high energy incident electrons
high energy x-ray photons
low energy incident electrons

Explanation

Question 18 of 199

label the parts of the x-ray beam spectrum graph

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

characteristic interactions

kilovoltage peak

average breams kV

brems interactions

Explanation

Question 19 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

left
right
remains the same

Explanation

Question 20 of 199

If the number of protons within an atom’s nucleus is changed, which of the following must absolutely change:

Select one of the following:

number of electrons
element's name
electrical charge
number of neutrons

Explanation

Question 21 of 199

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

left
right
remain the same

Explanation

Question 22 of 199

Characteristic radiation forms a discrete emission spectrum.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 23 of 199

The partial absorption of the x-ray beam as it passes through the body is best referred as:

Select one of the following:

absorption
brems
heterogeneity
attenuation

Explanation

Question 24 of 199

Click on the orange point and write the correct answer.

this interaction is a ____________ interaction

Explanation

Question 25 of 199

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 26 of 199

A low energy brems x-ray results when the incident electron is strongly influenced by the nucleus.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 27 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

left
right
remains the same

Explanation

Question 28 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration.

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 29 of 199

If an incident x-ray photon ejects a k-shell electron with a binding energy of 37 keV, and the initial energy of the photon was 40 keV, the ejected electron leaves the atom with _____ keV of kinetic energy.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 30 of 199

A photon of x-ray has an electrically positive charge.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 31 of 199

Attenuation causes a gradual decrease in the number of primary x-rays that exit the patient.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 32 of 199

Brems is produced by:

Select one of the following:

slowing down of an electron by the nucleus
ionization from ejection of outer shell electron
excitation and restabilization of an outer shell electron
creation of a photoelectron

Explanation

Question 33 of 199

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

left
right
remain the same

Explanation

Question 34 of 199

In the diagnostic range, the majority of primary x-rays produced are:

Select one of the following:

brems
compton
photoelectric
characteristic

Explanation

Question 35 of 199

Radiation that turns 180 degrees in direction after interacting with matter is called:

Select one of the following:

coherent
backscatter
brems
characteristic

Explanation

Question 36 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain the same

Explanation

Question 37 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

If a projectile electron is traveling at 70 keV and is deviated by the nucleus with a resulting electron energy of 10 keV, determine the energy of emitted radiation = keV

This is an example of what type of radiation? interaction

Explanation

Question 38 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

We used an original mAs of 32 and kVp of 80, list two separate techniques (one kVp & mAs then another kVp & mAs) we could use to double our exposure. (0.5 pt for each)

15% rule: kVp @ mAs

Doubling mAs: mAs @ kVp

Explanation

Question 39 of 199

label the x-ray tube

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

stator

rotor

glass envelope

filament

focusing cup

target

window

disk

Explanation

Question 40 of 199

Distortion can be a misrepresentation of

Select one of the following:

shape only
size only
detail
shape and size

Explanation

Question 41 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the OID is 5 in. round to 2 decimal places

x

Explanation

Question 42 of 199

The difference between two adjacent shades of gray is:

Select one of the following:

distortion
subject contrast
spatial resolution
quantum mottle

Explanation

Question 43 of 199

Spatial resolution is improved when:

Select one of the following:

SID decreases
OID decreases
SOD decreases
OID increases

Explanation

Question 44 of 199

Foreshortening is present if:

Select one of the following:

The image of the object is shorter than the object
The image of the object is larger than the object
the tube and IR are in alignment
IR exposure is excessive

Explanation

Question 45 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If 80 kVp, 400 mA, and 0.025 sec. produce a satisfactory radiograph, what mAs was used?
mAs

Explanation

Question 46 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The ( lesser, greater, n/a ) the SID, the ( smaller, bigger, n/a ) the magnification.

Explanation

Question 47 of 199

change from 20 mAs to 40 mAs

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 48 of 199

As tube angle increases, shape distortion will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 49 of 199

What can negatively impact spatial resolution?

Select one of the following:

patient motion
small focal spot
minimal OID
small detectors

Explanation

Question 50 of 199

change from 3 mm Al filtration to 5 mm Al filtration

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 51 of 199

Factors affecting spatial resolution include:

Select one of the following:

focal spot size
contrast scale
kVp
mAs

Explanation

Question 52 of 199

A good method for controlling motion when the patient is unable to cooperate is to:

Select one of the following:

decrease kVp
increase focal spot size
maintaining mAs and decreasing exposure time
maintaining mAs and decreasing mA

Explanation

Question 53 of 199

The effect of mAs upon IR exposure is:

Select one of the following:

directly proportional
inversely proportional
dependent on kVp

Explanation

Question 54 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If a radiograph using 40 mAs (400 mA at 0.10 sec.) produced a radiograph with satisfactory exposure, what new time should be used if mA is changed to 200?

sec

Explanation

Question 55 of 199

Poor spatial resolution is caused by an unacceptable amount of

Select one of the following:

umbra
penumbra
IR Exposure
contrast

Explanation

Question 56 of 199

the unsharpness in an image is affected by all of the following except:

Select one of the following:

focal spot size
mAs
SOD
OID

Explanation

Question 57 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If a projected image measures 3 in. and the magnification factor is 1.1, what is the size of the actual object? (you must label your answer with abbreviation)

Explanation

Question 58 of 199

The principal controlling technical factor of remnant beam contrast is

Select one of the following:

mAs
kVp
focal spot size
anode angle

Explanation

Question 59 of 199

As kVp increases, remnant beam contrast scale will _________________.

Select one of the following:

lengthen
shorten
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 60 of 199

An increase in x-ray beam filtration

Select one of the following:

increases magnification
increases the average photon energy of the beam
decreases patient tissue density
increases the quantity of photons in the beam

Explanation

Question 61 of 199

A radiograph with few shades of gray exhibits

Select one of the following:

high contrast
medium contrast
low contrast

Explanation

Question 62 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the SOD is 25 in.
x

Explanation

Question 63 of 199

As kVp decreases, spatial resolution will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 64 of 199

As filtration increases, IR exposure will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 65 of 199

If the following three exposures were obtained on the same patient (with no computer processing and/or on film) and everything is unchanged except for mAs, in which image would you expect mAs to have been the largest?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 66 of 199

The principal controlling factor of radiographic image receptor exposure is:

Select one of the following:

mAs
kVp
focal spot size
tube angulation

Explanation

Question 67 of 199

With an SID of 40 inches, and an OID of 10 inches, what is the factor of magnification?

Select one of the following:

3x
4x
1.33x
0.25x

Explanation

Question 68 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If 70 kVp, 100 mA, and 0.25 sec. produce a satisfactory radiograph, what mAs was used?
mAs

Explanation

Question 69 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

If 10 mAs at 120 kVp is used for a radiograph and the remnant beam's scale of contrast is too long, determine the new technique to be used obtaining the same IR exposure.
new kVp:
new mAs:

Explanation

Question 70 of 199

Electronic "snow" on a display monitor or TV monitor image is a form of:

Select one of the following:

noise
scatter
distortion
IR exposure

Explanation

Question 71 of 199

As mAs increases, remnant beam contrast scale will _________________.

Select one of the following:

lengthen
shorten
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 72 of 199

A change in kVp, as an exposure factor, affects

Select one of the following:

average beam energy
beam intensity/quantity
the relative amount of scatter received on the IR
all of the above

Explanation

Question 73 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

As kVp increases, the percentage of Compton interactions (relative to the total number of interactions) ( increase, decrease, N/A ) and remnant beam contrast scale ( lengthen, shorten, N/A ).

Explanation

Question 74 of 199

Size distortion is controlled by:

Select one or more of the following:

SID
OID
mAs
kVp
patient motion

Explanation

Question 75 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 72 in. and the SOD is 25 in. round to 2 places.
x

Explanation

Question 76 of 199

As mAs increases, IR exposure will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 77 of 199

As mAs increases, shape distortion will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 78 of 199

As SID increases, spatial resolution will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 79 of 199

As focal spot size increases, spatial resolution will _______________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 80 of 199

The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is the result of

Select one of the following:

tissue thickness
IR exposure only
monitor's brightness settings
tissue density

Explanation

Question 81 of 199

What should you expect to occur with a decrease in kVp?

Select one of the following:

lower contrast
longer scale of contrast
more fog/scatter seen on IR
more photoelectric interactions

Explanation

Question 82 of 199

Insufficient mAs is likely to contribute to ___ in the image.

Select one of the following:

quantum mottle
motion
high spatial resolution
excessive OID

Explanation

Question 83 of 199

Using the 15% rule changes

Select one or more of the following:

distortion
IR exposure
remnant beam contrast

Explanation

Question 84 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

A radiograph of the forearm is produced using 4 mAs at 65 kVp. What kVp would be required to double the exposure? round up to whole number
kVp

Explanation

Question 85 of 199

As OID increases, size distortion will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 86 of 199

If the signal is 16 and the noise is 4 on a hypothetical radiographic image, what is the Signal to Noise ratio?

Select one of the following:

8
12
4
0.24

Explanation

Question 87 of 199

Which of the following is equivalent to low penumbra?

Select one of the following:

high sharpness/spatial resolution
low sharpness/spatial resolution
low distortion
high magnification

Explanation

Question 88 of 199

Penumbra decreases as

Select one of the following:

SID increases
OID decreases
focal spot decreases
all of the above

Explanation

Question 89 of 199

If the mA is set at 300 and the total mAs produced is 15 mAs, the exposure time must be:

Select one of the following:

0.5 sec
0.05 sec
0.2 sec
2 sec

Explanation

Question 90 of 199

Size distortion in radiography can be ___ only.

Select one of the following:

magnification
foreshortening
elongation
minimization

Explanation

Question 91 of 199

What factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the IR?

Select one of the following:

mAs
kVp
mA
focal spot size

Explanation

Question 92 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

If 20 mAs at 100 kVp is used and the IR exposure needs to be doubled without altering the remnant beam contrast scale, determine the new technique that should be used.
new kVp:
new mAs:

Explanation

Question 93 of 199

which of the following are causes of scatter radiation

Select one or more of the following:

high kVp
low kVp
large part thickness
part density
large field sizes
small field sizes
large mAs
small mAs

Explanation

Question 94 of 199

what is the purpose of a grid

Select one of the following:

to absorb low energy photons before they reach the IR
to absorb scatter before it reaches IR
to reflect scatter away from IR
to absorb primary radiation before it reaches IR

Explanation

Question 95 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

match the type of grid with its definition
grid: attaches to cassette
grid: moves grid back and forth
grid: move grid plate in circular motion

The and grids make up the Potter-Bucky Diaphragm aka the

Explanation

Question 96 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

the the grid ratio, the more effective the grid is at removing scatter

Explanation

Question 97 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

We used 10 mAs at 78 kV on a KUB. Convert this non-grid technique to a 10:1 grid
mAs @ kV

Explanation

Question 98 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Convert 60 mAs at 92 kV using a 8:1 grid to an 5:1 grid.
mAs @ kV

Explanation

Question 99 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

increased lead content = ( decreased, increased, same ) scatter = contrast scale ( shortens, lengthens, remains the same ) = image contrast ( increases, decreases, remains the same )

Explanation

Question 100 of 199

grid cut off is due to the absorption of

Select one of the following:

scatter radiation
remnant radiation
primary radiation
secondary radiation

Explanation

Question 101 of 199

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label the type of grid

Explanation

Question 102 of 199

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

label the type of grid

Explanation

Question 103 of 199

What is the grid radius based on?

Select one of the following:

SID
OID
Tube angle
Object thickness

Explanation

Question 104 of 199

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

fill out the table and GCF equation, include x in multiplier.

Explanation

Question 105 of 199

What causes the moire effect?

Select one of the following:

the grid lines are parallel to scan lines of processor
the grid lines are perp to scan lines of processor
misalignment of the grid and beam
incorrect SID used

Explanation

Question 106 of 199

This image is an example of

Select one of the following:

Moire effect
quantum mottle
misalignment of x-ray beam
grid inversion

Explanation

Question 107 of 199

Match the image with its grid error

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Grid Radius

misalignment/angling of the x-ray beam

Inversion of focused grid

Explanation

Question 108 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The air gap technique is when OID is ( increased, decreased, remains the same ), so scatter on the IR ( increases, decreases, remains the same )

Explanation

Question 109 of 199

When generator power and rectification increase

Select one or more of the following:

quantity of current increases
quantity of current decreases
quality of current increases
quality of current decreases
current is not affected

Explanation

Question 110 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

high frequency generators ( reduce, increase, don't change ) the ripple of the wave form
with each increase in generator power, the exposure rate of the x-ray beam ( increases, decreases, remains the same )
These changes ( increase, decrease, do not change ) the effective mA, which allows for a ( decrease, increase, no change ) in technique

High power generators also ( increase, decrease, do not change ) the average kV
Generally, the set mAs could be ( cut in half, doubled, unchanged ) when changing from a single phase to a 3 phase/HF

Explanation

Question 111 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

generator power ( does not affect, shortens, lengthens ) remnant contrast scale
generator power ( does not affect, increases, decreases ) spatial resolution
generator power ( does not affect, increases, decreases ) size distortion
generator power ( does not affect, increases, decreases ) shape distortion

Explanation

Question 112 of 199

which of the following are considered inherent filtration

Select one or more of the following:

glass envelope
aluminum slabs within the collimator
oil in tube housing
the tube window
the mirror and plastic windows of the collimator
the anode
wedge filters

Explanation

Question 113 of 199

which of the following are considered added filtration

Select one or more of the following:

glass envelope
aluminum slabs within the collimator
oil in tube housing
the tube window
the mirror and plastic windows of the collimator
the anode
wedge filters

Explanation

Question 114 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The minimum total filtration equivalent is mm Al
- mm of inherent filtration
- mm added filtration

Explanation

Question 115 of 199

What is the unit for directly measuring x-ray beam penetration

Select one or more of the following:

Half-Value Layer
Half-Vacancy Layer
mm Al
mm Hg
mm Pb

Explanation

Question 116 of 199

A Potter-Bucky diaphragm does not move

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 117 of 199

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Higher frequency grids have ( thinner, thicker, no difference in ) lead strips

Explanation

Question 118 of 199

What is the most critical factor in a grid's efficiency?

Select one of the following:

grid frequency
grid ratio
lead content of grids
grid dimension

Explanation

Question 119 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Grid radius is the distance between the grid and the .

Explanation

Question 120 of 199

Match the term with its definition
❌ : the proportion of the height to the width of the interspaced between the lead strips
❌ : mass per unit area, as this increases so does the removal of scatter
❌: the distance between the grid and the convergent line or point aka the correct SID
❌: the number of lead strips counted per inch/cm

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Grid ratio

Lead Content of Grid

Grid Radius

Grid Frequency

Explanation

Question 121 of 199

What is the purpose of a compensating filter?

Select one of the following:

balance the exposure
dramatically change the contrast scale
reduce the remnant beam
protect tech from scatter radiation

Explanation

Question 122 of 199

Which of the follower are the purposes for field size limitation

Select one or more of the following:

minimize radiation exposure to the tech
minimize radiation exposure to the patient
change subject contrast in the remnant beam
preserve subject contrast in the remnant beam
preserve image sharpness

Explanation

Question 123 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

increased collimation (smaller size) = ( increased, decreased, same amount of ) scatter = ( lengthened, shortened, same ) contrast scale
increased collimation = ( decreased, increased, same ) IR exposure

Explanation

Question 124 of 199

match the types of field size limitations

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

aperture diaphragm

cone and cylinder collimator

modern collimator

Explanation

Question 125 of 199

The purpose of PBL is

Select one of the following:

to allow techs to not worry about collimation
ensure the field size is never larger than cassette
allow for easy collimation
automatically set field size

Explanation

Question 126 of 199

label

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

first stage shutters

collimator housing

second stage long shutters

second stage cross shutters

useful beam

image receptor

off-focus radiation

mirror

focal spot

anode

Explanation

Question 127 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Positive Contrast Agents
-( Radiopaque, Radiolucent ) (( white, black ))
-Based upon ( Barium or Iodine, Barium or Calcium, Lead or Tungsten, Tungsten or Molybdenum, Calcium or Iodine, Barium or Tungsten )

Negative Contrast Agents
-( Radiopaque, Radiolucent ) (( white, black ))
-Are all ( gasses, water, tissues, bones, barium, iodine )

Explanation

Question 128 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Additive diseases = ( increased radiopacity of tissue, increased radiolucency of tissue, decreased radiopacity of tissue, decreased radiolucency of tissue ) = ( increased, decreased, same ) technique
Destructive diseases = ( increased radiopacity of tissue, increased radiolucency of tissue, decreased radiopacity of tissue, decreased radiolucency of tissue ) = ( increased, decreased, same ) technique

Explanation

Question 129 of 199

which of the following are additive diseases

Select one or more of the following:

Emphysema
Pleural Effusion
Edema
Osteoporosis
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Cardiomegaly
Cancer
increase fluid, bone or metal content
increase gas or fat, decrease normal fluid or bone

Explanation

Question 130 of 199

which of the following are destructive diseases

Select one or more of the following:

Emphysema
Pleural Effusion
Edema
Osteoporosis
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Cardiomegaly
Cancer
increase fluid, bone or metal content
increase gas or fat, decrease normal fluid or bone

Explanation

Question 131 of 199

For soft tissue techniques, kVp is

Select one of the following:

increased by 20%
decreased by 20%
remains the same as C-spine

Explanation

Question 132 of 199

For patients with a fiberglass cast/splint, the technique may be altered by

Select one or more of the following:

an increase in mAs by 50%
an increase in mAs by 20%
an increase in mAs by 8%
an increase in kVp by 50%
an increase in kVp by 20%
an increase in kVp by 8%

Explanation

Question 133 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

the longer the SID, the ( sharper, fuzzier, no effect on ) the detail
the longer the SID, the ( more, less, no effect on ) magnification
the longer the SID, the ( more, less, no effect on ) shape distortion

Explanation

Question 134 of 199

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

fill in the formula for the inverse square law

Explanation

Question 135 of 199

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

fill in the formula for the exposure maintenance law

Explanation

Question 136 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Increased OID = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) Scatter = ( shorter, longer, no effect on ) contrast scale
Increased OID = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) scatter = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) IR exposure
Increased OID = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) sharpness
Increased OID = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) magnification
Increased OID = ( decreased, increased, no effect on ) shape distortion

Explanation

Question 137 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

If 40 mAs at 76 kVp is used and the amount of exposure needs to be cut in half, determine the new technique that should be used if you want to use the 15% rule. round to 1 decimal place if necessary

kVp @ mAs

Explanation

Question 138 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

If 80mAs at 70kVp is used and the IR exposure needs to be doubled and the remnant beam scale of contrast lengthened, determine the new technique that should be used. round to one decimal if necessary
new kVp:
new mAs:

Explanation

Question 139 of 199

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

A radiograph of the forearm is produced using 4 mAs at 65 kVp. round to 1 decimal place if necessary
new kVp to double IR exposure:
new kVp to halve IR exposure:

Explanation

Question 140 of 199

Volume of the irradiated tissue increases as

Select one of the following:

field size decreases
patient thickness increases
mAs decrease
all answers are correct

Explanation

Question 141 of 199

The half-value layer (HVL) is used to measure

Select one of the following:

mAs level
the penetrability of the xray beam
the grid ratio
the amount of xrays in the beam

Explanation

Question 142 of 199

Photon absorption within the body occurs as the result of

Select one of the following:

compton interactions
scatter radiation
photoelectric interaction
all answers are correct

Explanation

Question 143 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The ( higher, lower ) the photon energy, the ( higher, lower, unaffected ) the percentage of interactions that will be Compton interactions.

Explanation

Question 144 of 199

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

If OID increases, the remnant beam contrast scale ( lengthens, shortens, is unaffected ).

Explanation

Question 145 of 199

The computer distinguishes the anatomy of interest from background exposure outside collimated field during:

Select one of the following:

exposure
automated field recognition
automated rescaling
field uniformity corrections

Explanation

Question 146 of 199

How dark or light a digital image appears on a display monitor is known as

Select one of the following:

contrast resolution
brightness
spatial resolution
density

Explanation

Question 147 of 199

In generic digital imaging terms, the average brightness level of the image is called the:

Select one of the following:

window level
window width
density
scale of contrast

Explanation

Question 148 of 199

In a digital image histogram graph, the vertical height of any data point along the plotted curve (measured against the y axis of the graph), indicates the:

Select one of the following:

image contrast
pixel value (brightness)
number of pixels possessing the value
S1

Explanation

Question 149 of 199

A barium study projection will likely require the computer to locate both Smin and Smax.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 150 of 199

On an image histogram, an unusual spike to the left of the main bell-shaped lobe of the curve most likely represents:

Select one of the following:

osteoporosis
background exposure
a large metallic object
air in the lungs

Explanation

Question 151 of 199

Dependent on the manufacturer’s algorithm, a value of interest (VOI) can accentuate a certain tissue thickness or bone.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 152 of 199

The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:

Select one of the following:

shorter the acquisition time
greater the resolution of the image
greater the number of gray shades in the image
all answers are correct

Explanation

Question 153 of 199

Which of the following is an example of a Field Uniformity Correction?

Select one of the following:

creation of a best fit line for the raw detector data
a flattening of the histogram curve as needed
application of a kernel across the matrix
evening out of brightness to account for irregularities in the hardware of the IT across the image field

Explanation

Question 154 of 199

Many imaging systems present the histogram with an averaged gray scale curve overlying the histogram. The steeper the slope:

Select one of the following:

lighter the image
the darker the image
longer the image gray scale
higher the image contrast

Explanation

Question 155 of 199

Digital radiography images that are underexposed have a high SNR.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 156 of 199

The development of which of the following enabled DR systems to use a flat-shaped receptor plate:

Select one of the following:

photostimulable phosphor plates
thin-film transistors (TFTs)
the photomultiplier tube
CCDs

Explanation

Question 157 of 199

In digital imaging processing, what is segmentation?

Select one of the following:

a graph plotting signal intensity for each pixel
identification of the exposed area of the IR
the anatomy on which the exam is performed
a look up table

Explanation

Question 158 of 199

Generally speaking, the smaller the pixels, the higher the spatial resolution.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 159 of 199

Which of the following terms, all contractions, most accurately describes the individual hardware elements of a DR flat panel receptor that detect radiation in the remnant x-ray beam?

Select one of the following:

the dexel
the pixel
the voxel
the rexel

Explanation

Question 160 of 199

The selection of a narrow window width will:

Select one of the following:

decrease the size of each pixel
decrease overall brightness of the image
increase contrast in the image
increase magnification of the central portion of the image

Explanation

Question 161 of 199

Which of the following modalities create images with the highest spatial resolution?

Select one of the following:

ct
nuclear medicine
ultrasound
digital radiography

Explanation

Question 162 of 199

Adjustment of the window width of the image will change

Select one of the following:

the brightness of the image
the level of IR exposure
the spatial resolution of the image
the scale of contrast of the image

Explanation

Question 163 of 199

The smaller the pixels, the lower the spatial resolution.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 164 of 199

For digital imaging, each image displayed consists of a discrete number of rows and columns of picture elements called the:

Select one of the following:

signal plate
display table
matrix
detector array

Explanation

Question 165 of 199

In digital radiography, image contrast displayed on the monitor is controlled exclusively by kilovoltage.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 166 of 199

The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:

Select one of the following:

greater the number of gray shades in the image
shorter the acquisition time
greater the spatial resolution in the image
all answers are correct
no answers are correct

Explanation

Question 167 of 199

A system with a high S/N ratio displays:

Select one of the following:

low noise and high signal
low signal and high noise
equal amounts of signal and noise
no signal and no noise

Explanation

Question 168 of 199

Scatter radiation adds exposure to the image receptor.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 169 of 199

Which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the IR?

Select one of the following:

kVp
mA
time
focal spot size

Explanation

Question 170 of 199

As kVp decreases, spatial resolution will _________________.

Select one of the following:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged

Explanation

Question 171 of 199

In the diagnostic range, the majority of primary x-rays produced are:

Select one of the following:

characteristic
photoelectric
brems
compton

Explanation

Question 172 of 199

As kVp increases,

Select one of the following:

scatter increases
remnant beam contrast scale lengthens
all answers are correct
image receptor exposure increases

Explanation

Question 173 of 199

The amount of scatter reaching the image receptor is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:

Select one of the following:

SID
Amount of Collimation
kVp
grid ratio

Explanation

Question 174 of 199

The larger the number of pixels in an image matrix, the:

Select one of the following:

greater the resolution
greater amount of shades of gray in the image
shorter acquisition time
all answers are correct

Explanation

Question 175 of 199

The higher the DQE, the higher the dose required to get an optimal image.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 176 of 199

As the lead content of a grid increases,

Select one of the following:

image receptor exposure increases
the contrast decreases
The ability of the grid to remove scatter increases.
The ability of the grid to remove scatter decreases

Explanation

Question 177 of 199

In production of a radiograph, which of the following is considered the controlling factor of beam penetration and remnant beam scale of contrast?

Select one of the following:

kVp
mAs
time
filtration

Explanation

Question 178 of 199

The principal controlling factor of radiographic image receptor exposure is:

Select one of the following:

kVp
mAs
focal spot size
tube angulation

Explanation

Question 179 of 199

Image level parameters (window level) control image

Select one of the following:

brightness
contrast
density
darkness

Explanation

Question 180 of 199

All of the following are true of pixel pitch except:

Select one of the following:

it is measured from center-center of pixels
it is affected by changes in the matrix size
it is determined by the size of the dels in flat panel systems
it is not related to spatial resolution

Explanation

Question 181 of 199

Which of the following is NOT a component of a detector element?

Select one of the following:

capacitor
charged coupled device
semiconductor layer
thin film transistor

Explanation

Question 182 of 199

A phosphor screen or scintillator

Select one of the following:

fluoresces when exposed to light
fluoresces when exposed to xrays
ionizes selenium when exposed to x-rays
ionizes selenium when exposed to light

Explanation

Question 183 of 199

The percentage of the surface area of a flat panel detector element devoted to the semiconductor layer is:

Select one of the following:

DQE
Fill factor
detector ratio
capacitance

Explanation

Question 184 of 199

The purpose of the ADC is to convert the _ signal to a ___ signal.

Select one of the following:

analog; digital
digital; analog
analog; detector
acquired; detected
detector; digital

Explanation

Question 185 of 199

Digital radiography images that are underexposed can show quantum mottle.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 186 of 199

In a DR flat panel image receptor, which electronic devices directly account for the plate’s ability to store a latent image until it is sent into the computer?

Select one of the following:

capacitor
tfts
data lines
gate lines
semiconductor layer

Explanation

Question 187 of 199

An x-ray unit with a Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of 0.2 is said to have perfect contrast resolution.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 188 of 199

What is the size of each pixel for an image with a 1024x1024 matrix using a 30x30 cm field of view:

Select one of the following:

30 cm
0.3 mm
3 cm
3 mm

Explanation

Question 189 of 199

The ratio of SID to SOD is the primary control for:

Select one of the following:

magnification
shape distortion
scatter production
sharpness of recorded detail

Explanation

Question 190 of 199

In a DR flat panel image receptor, most of the square area of each del is dedicated to what portion of the detector element:

Select one of the following:

the semiconductor layer
the gate lines
the capacitors
the tfts

Explanation

Question 191 of 199

The ionization chamber AEC is located behind the IR on the wall Bucky.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 192 of 199

As matrix size increases, the image's spatial resolution increases.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 193 of 199

Direct conversion digital imaging systems include which of the following?

Select one of the following:

CCD
PSP
amorphous Se tft
amorphous Si tft

Explanation

Question 194 of 199

A CMOS imaging system would have

Select one of the following:

microlens optics
charged couple arrays
amorphous selenium
a helium red laser

Explanation

Question 195 of 199

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps to digitization of an analog image?

Select one of the following:

Sampling
Quantization
Scanning
Initiation

Explanation

Question 196 of 199

The maximum range of pixel values a hardware device can store is:

Select one of the following:

voxel depth
bit depth
gray scale
gray level

Explanation

Question 197 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

A radiograph is made using the following factors:

100 mA 8:1 grid
1.0 Sec 8x10 collimated field size
70 kVp large focal spot
50" SID 3mm Al
2" OID suspended respiration

In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will spatial resolution be affected?
- Use of a 10x12 field size: ( no change, increase, decrease )
- Use of no grid: ( no change, increase, decrease )
- Use 200 mA: ( no change, increase, decrease )
- Use 4" OID: ( decrease, increase, no change )
- Use small focal spot: ( increase, decrease, no change )
- Use 4mm Al: ( no change, increase, decrease )
-Use 4 seconds: ( decrease, increase, no change )

Explanation

Question 198 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

A radiograph is made using the following factors:

100 mA 8:1 grid
1.0 Sec 8x10 collimated field size
70 kVp large focal spot
50" SID 3mm Al
2" OID suspended respiration

In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will IR exposure be affected?
- Use of a 10x12 field size: ( increased, decreased, no change )
- Use of no grid: ( increased, decreased, no change )
- Use 200 mA: ( increased, decreased, no change )
- Use 2.0 seconds: ( increased, decreased, no change )
- Use 4" OID: ( decreased, increased, no change )
- Use 60" SID: ( decreased, increased, no change )- Use 90 kVp: ( increased, decreased, no change )

Explanation

Question 199 of 199

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

A radiograph is made using the following factors:

500 mA
2.5 sec
130 kVp
36" SID
6" OID
2000x1000 matrix size
Window Width = 800
No grid
5x8 collimated field size
small focal spot
3mm Al
0.1mm pixel size
Window Level = 65

Changes are proposed below. In each of the following, if only the proposed change is made, how will spatial resolution be affected?
- Collimate to 10x10; ( n/a, increase, decrease )
- Use a grid; ( n/a, increase, decrease )
- Use 72" SID; ( increase, decrease, n/a )
- Use 1" OID; ( increase, decrease, n/a )
-Window level = 165; ( n/a, increase, decrease )
- Use 3600x3600 matrix size; ( increase, decrease, n/a )
- Use 0.1cm pixel size; ( decrease, increase, n/a )

Explanation

Check answer

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	Created by Erin Knapp over 1 year ago

Quiz on Foundations Midterm/Final, created by Erin Knapp on 15/03/2023.

Foundations Midterm/Final

Question 1 of 199

The nuclear force which holds electrons in “orbit” around an atom is called:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration The curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 199

Scatter radiation is mostly a result of the Photoelectric interaction.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 199

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 199

The Compton interaction is mainly responsible for radiographer dose.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 199

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 199

As the atomic number of an element increases, the energy required to remove an inner shell electron _____________________.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift? Red curve = new curve Black curve = original curve

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 199

The end product(s) of the photoelectric effect is/are:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 199

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

If an incident photon has an energy of 90 keV and undergoes a Compton interaction giving 20 keV to the ejected electron which had a binding energy of 2 keV, determine the energy of the scattered photon. the energy is keV

Explanation

Question 12 of 199

Which of the following is NOT an interaction between x-ray photons and matter?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 199

The greatest amount of scatter is produced from the _____________________ interaction.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 199

Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 199

A high energy x-ray photon has a long wavelength.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 199

An 80-kV photon undergoes a coherent scattering interaction with an orbital electron having a binding energy of 8 kV. What is the energy of the resulting scattered photon?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 199

Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable ____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 199

label the parts of the x-ray beam spectrum graph

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 19 of 199

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number The curve shifts:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 199

If the number of protons within an atom’s nucleus is changed, which of the following must absolutely change:

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The curve shifts:

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

If an incident photon has an energy of 90 keV and undergoes a Compton interaction giving 20 keV to the ejected electron which had a binding energy of 2 keV, determine the energy of the scattered photon.
the energy is keV

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The curve shifts:

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The curve shifts:

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

change from high atomic number target material to low atomic number

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration.

Which of the following best demonstrates the emission spectrum graph shift?

Red curve = new curve

Black curve = original curve

change from 82 kVp to 72 kVp

The discrete (characteristic) curve shifts:

change from 2 mm Al filtration to 4 mm Al filtration

The amplitude (height) of the emission spectrum curve would:

If a projectile electron is traveling at 70 keV and is deviated by the nucleus with a resulting electron energy of 10 keV, determine the energy of emitted radiation = keV

This is an example of what type of radiation? interaction