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Chronic Kidney Disease

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Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 1 of 14

1

Which of these is not a term used to describe chronic kidney disease

Select one of the following:

  • slow

  • progressive

  • reduction in GFR

  • parenchymal destruction

Explanation

Question 2 of 14

1

Which of these is not a common form of CKD?

Select one of the following:

  • Reflux nephropathy

  • Diabetic nephropathy

  • Glomerulonephritis

  • Ischaemic Nephropathy

  • Polycystic Kidney Disease

Explanation

Question 3 of 14

1

In glomerulonephritis, there is efficient and lasting compensation via glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 4 of 14

1

EPO is made in the peritubular interstitium of the kidney by what cells and what do these cells change to during chronic kidney disease?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Megakaryocytes

  • Type 1 fibroblastoid cells

  • Cystoblasts

  • Myofibroblasts

  • HIF-1

Explanation

Question 5 of 14

1

Which of these is not an effect of Ang 2?

Select one of the following:

  • Bind to A1 receptors on apical and basolateral membrane of PCT to cause increase Na+ reabsorption

  • Stimulate Na/H exchange in the TAL

  • Promote aldosterone and ADH release

  • Reduce thirst

Explanation

Question 6 of 14

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Aldosterone diffuses into the ( principal cells, intercalated discs ) of the collecting ducts and binds to type 1 steroid receptors. This leads to increased apical Na+ channels (ENAC's) and basolateral Na/K/ATPases which increase ( sodium reabsorption, sodium secretion, potassium reabsorption ).

Explanation

Question 7 of 14

1

Natriuretic peptides only action is to bind on collecting ducts and inhibit apical Na+ channels thereby reducing Na+ reabsorption

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 8 of 14

1

H+ secretion is regulated partially by the H+/K+ exchanger in the collecting ducts, but where are the NHE primarily based?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Proximal Tubule

  • Thin Descending Limb

  • Thick Ascending Limb

  • Early distal tubule

  • Collecting duct- alpha intercalated discs

Explanation

Question 9 of 14

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Ammoniogenesis occurs in the of proximal tubule cells. NH4+ is secreted into the tubular lumen and is under the thick ascending limb, where it is reabsorbed with Na/K/2Cl-. H+ is secreted here and NH3 created in the interstitium. This causes an NH3 medullary gradient, which allows NH3 into the collecting duct lumen. NH3 binds to H+ secreted from cells and forms NH4+ which is now "trapped" and able to be excreted.

Explanation

Question 10 of 14

1

Phosphate is the most important filtered buffer?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 14

1

What stages of renal disease have eGFR > 60

Select one or more of the following:

  • Stage 1- no loss

  • Stage 2- some loss

  • Stage 3

  • Stage 4

  • Stage 5

Explanation

Question 12 of 14

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Calculate the using the Cockcroft-Gault Equation of a 75 year old man, with a serum creatinine of 139 umol who weighs 85kg.

Explanation

Question 13 of 14

1

Under normal circumstances, glucose is normally fully reabsorbed via the Na/glucose cotransporter in early part of PCT.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 14

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Almost all the ( Calcium, Albumin, Carbon ) is stored in bones. Unbound calcium accounts for 50% of total plasma calcium and is freely filtered at the glomerulus. Phosphate is also found in high levels in bone (80%) and is a major ( buffer, anion, protein ) of the urinary system. Due to falling GFR in CKD, phosphate levels will elevate and this will cause calcium levels to fall. This will lead to release of ( PTH, ADH, TSH ) which will have several effects including: increased secretion of phosphate, Ca2+ mobilisation from bone. This may lead to ( renal bone disease., acidosis, alkalosis )

Explanation

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