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Sociology Final

Question 1 of 51

1

Social Stratification is a concept that refers to

Select one of the following:

  • specialization in productive work

  • ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

  • the idea that some people are more talented than others

  • All of these responses are correct.

Explanation

Question 2 of 51

1

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification

Select one of the following:

  • gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

  • places everyone on a level playing field

  • ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy

Explanation

Question 3 of 51

1

A caste system is defined as

Select one of the following:

  • social stratification based on ascription, or birth.

  • social stratification based on personal achievement

  • a meritocracy

Explanation

Question 4 of 51

1

the concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

Select one of the following:

  • with no social mobility

  • in which people "know their place"

  • based entirely on personal merits

  • as found in the United States

Explanation

Question 5 of 51

1

The degree of status consistency is

Select one of the following:

  • higher in caste than class systems

  • the same in all types of social stratification

  • higher in class than caste systems

  • higher the more productive a society is

Explanation

Question 6 of 51

1

The concept structural social mobility refers to

Select one of the following:

  • cultural beliefs that justify social stratification

  • change in social position due to people's own efforts

  • change in the social position of many people due to changes in the society itself

  • change in family's social position from one generation to the next

Explanation

Question 7 of 51

1

Ideology, or cultural beliefs that support social stratification, is found in

Select one of the following:

  • caste systems

  • class systems

  • both class and caste systems

  • only U.S. society

Explanation

Question 8 of 51

1

According to the Davis-Moore thesis

Select one of the following:

  • complete equality is functional for everyday society

  • the more inequality a society has the more productive it is.

  • more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

  • meritocracy is less productive than a caste system

Explanation

Question 9 of 51

1

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves

Select one of the following:

  • class conflict

  • negotiation and compromise leading to stability

  • the abolition of work itself

  • all of these responses are correct

Explanation

Question 10 of 51

1

Weber claimed that agrarian societies gives special importance to which dimension of social equality?

Select one of the following:

  • economic class

  • social prestige or honor

  • power

  • control of information

Explanation

Question 11 of 51

1

the concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to

Select one of the following:

  • buying things that are popular with the most people

  • buying more than what you need for the moment

  • the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position

  • acting as if one had a lower social position than is really the case

Explanation

Question 12 of 51

1

If you follow the lead of Max Weber, you would think of social stratification in terms of

Select one of the following:

  • a multidimensional status hierarchy

  • two major social classes

  • a middle-class society

  • six different social classes

Explanation

Question 13 of 51

1

Relative poverty

Select one of the following:

  • is found everywhere

  • is life threatening

  • is not found in the United States

  • All of the responses are correct

Explanation

Question 14 of 51

1

The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States

Select one of the following:

  • more and more women are becoming poor

  • today's women have fewer legal rights

  • women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

  • fewer women work now for income

Explanation

Question 15 of 51

1

High-income nations

Select one of the following:

  • are the forefront of the Information Revolution

  • make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology

  • contain almost all the world's financial markets

  • All of these answers are correct

Explanation

Question 16 of 51

1

Absolute Poverty is

Select one of the following:

  • most common in large nations such as the United States

  • the same as relative poverty

  • life threatening

  • found only in the poorest nations

Explanation

Question 17 of 51

1

Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?

Select one of the following:

  • Chattel slavery

  • child slavery

  • debt bondage

  • servile forms of marriage

Explanation

Question 18 of 51

1

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers accountable by paying them to little to cover their debts?

Select one of the following:

  • chattel slavery

  • child slavery

  • debt bondage

  • servile forms of marriage

Explanation

Question 19 of 51

1

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which

Select one of the following:

  • rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries

  • some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

  • poor nations force an end to control by other nations

  • companies operate in many countries at one time

Explanation

Question 20 of 51

1

The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which

Select one of the following:

  • countries gain new colonies to replace older ones

  • countries rid themselves of former colonies

  • multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country

  • companies operate in many countries at one time

Explanation

Question 21 of 51

1

Modernization theory claims that

Select one of the following:

  • poor nations can never become rich in today's world

  • the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology

  • the main causes of poverty include multinational corporations

  • most poor nations were richer in the past

Explanation

Question 22 of 51

1

According to Walt Rostow nations begin at the _______ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _______.

Select one of the following:

  • drive to technological maturity; take -off

  • traditional; high mass consumption

  • high mass consumption; take-off

  • take-off; drive to technological maturity

Explanation

Question 23 of 51

1

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

Select one of the following:

  • making poor nations responsible for their own fate

  • supporting capitalism as a path to development

  • explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

  • claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal

Explanation

Question 24 of 51

1

The modernization theory focuses on ________, dependency theory focuses_________

Select one of the following:

  • poor nations; rich nations

  • the future; the past

  • production of wealth; distribution of wealth

  • All of these responses are correct.

Explanation

Question 25 of 51

1

The concept of gender refers to

Select one of the following:

  • the degree of inequality between men and women in a society

  • the secondary sex characteristics of individuals

  • the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

  • patterns of sexual orientation

Explanation

Question 26 of 51

1

On average young men show greater _________ ability than young women; young women show greater _________ ability than young men.

Select one of the following:

  • intellectual; sensory

  • mathematical; verbal

  • verbal; mathematical

  • sensory; intellectual

Explanation

Question 27 of 51

1

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?

Select one of the following:

  • patriarchy

  • matriarchy

  • monarchy

  • oligarchy

Explanation

Question 28 of 51

1

Which of the following factors has helped increase the share of women in the paid labor force over the course of the last century?

Select one of the following:

  • the increase in the number of people working on farms

  • a high divorce rate

  • the increasing size of U.S. families

  • the fact that working women earn more than working men

Explanation

Question 29 of 51

1

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

Select one of the following:

  • the barrier that prevents women from being promoted

  • the fact that women's dreams are easily broken

  • the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do

  • the barrier that keeps women in service work

Explanation

Question 30 of 51

1

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

Select one of the following:

  • women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance

  • beauty is in the eye of the beholder

  • women prefer men who are physically attractive

  • women today are as physically attractive as today's men are

Explanation

Question 31 of 51

1

What is a reason to see women as a minority in the United States?

Select one of the following:

  • at every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do

  • almost all women see themselves as a minority

  • in the United States, men out number women

  • all of the responses are correct

Explanation

Question 32 of 51

1

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because

Select one of the following:

  • it actually targets men more often than women

  • half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention

  • it almost always involves blatant threats

  • all of these responses are correct

Explanation

Question 33 of 51

1

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages

Select one of the following:

  • men to take control of the workplace

  • growing gender equality

  • women to have more children

  • All of these responses are correct

Explanation

Question 34 of 51

1

Feminists support all but one of the following. Which is the statement that feminists do not support?

Select one of the following:

  • ending gender stratification

  • ending sexual violence

  • weakening the importance of gender in people's lives

  • limiting sexual freedom

Explanation

Question 35 of 51

1

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as

Select one of the following:

  • people who fall into any minority category

  • a person's skin color

  • a cultural heritage shared by a category of people

  • a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

Explanation

Question 36 of 51

1

Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?

Select one of the following:

  • Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture

  • Various racial categories are genetically very much alike

  • The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark

  • All of these responses are correct

Explanation

Question 37 of 51

1

Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?

Select one of the following:

  • race

  • minority

  • ethnicity

  • stereotype

Explanation

Question 38 of 51

1

Race refers to ________ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • cultural traits; biological traits

  • biological traits; cultural traits

  • differences; what we have in common

  • what we have in common; differences

Explanation

Question 39 of 51

1

Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

Select one of the following:

  • minority

  • ethnic category

  • racial category

  • out-group

Explanation

Question 40 of 51

1

You are expressing a "stereotype" if you

Select one of the following:

  • make any generalization about anyone

  • apply a simplified description to every person in some category

  • hold an opinion about someone based on personal experience

  • treat everybody in an unkind way

Explanation

Question 41 of 51

1

Scapegoat theory state stat prejudice is created by

Select one of the following:

  • cultural beliefs

  • high levels of immigration

  • frustration among disadvantaged people

  • people with rigid personalities

Explanation

Question 42 of 51

1

Conflict theory states that prejudice is

Select one of the following:

  • a tool used by powerful people to oppress others

  • built in to culture itself

  • common among immigrants

  • common among certain people with rigid personalities

Explanation

Question 43 of 51

1

While prejudice is a mater of ______, discrimination is a matter of _______.

Select one of the following:

  • biology;culture

  • attitude; action

  • choice; social structure

  • abnormality; what a society considers normal

Explanation

Question 44 of 51

1

Assimilation refers to the process by which

Select one of the following:

  • people become more tolerant of minorities

  • minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

  • all minority categories become more equal in social standing

  • people regain their lost cultural heritage

Explanation

Question 45 of 51

1

What Gunnar Mydral called the "American dilemma" was

Select one of the following:

  • the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society"

  • the placing of Native Americans on reservations

  • the restriction of immigration by a nation that was built by immigrants

  • the refusal of many minorities to improve their social standing

Explanation

Question 46 of 51

1

The family is a social institution that is found in

Select one of the following:

  • most, but not all, societies

  • about half of human societies in the world today

  • high-income nations, but not in most low-income nations

  • every society

Explanation

Question 47 of 51

1

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as

Select one of the following:

  • people who live together

  • people who engage in economic cooperation

  • people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption

  • people who consider themselves to be a family

Explanation

Question 48 of 51

1

A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called

Select one of the following:

  • a nuclear family

  • an extended family

  • a family of affinity

  • a conjugal family

Explanation

Question 49 of 51

1

The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between

Select one of the following:

  • people of the same sex

  • people of different social categories

  • people of the same social category

  • people related by birth

Explanation

Question 50 of 51

1

The incest taboo

Select one of the following:

  • exists only in industrial societies

  • is found in all societies

  • is found among all living species

  • all of these responses are correct

Explanation

Question 51 of 51

1

In the United States, romantic love

Select one of the following:

  • is the reason most people expect to marry

  • is not a very stable foundation for marriage

  • may contribute to a high divorce rate

  • All of these responses are correct

Explanation

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