Physical Change

Chemical Change

Solids

Liquids

Gases

Freezing Point

Melting Point

Boiling Point

Condensation Point

Sublimation

Combustibility

Malleability

Weight

Failure to react

Ductility

Texture

Density

Tendency to corrode

Volume

Melting point

Odor

Flammability

Digestion of food

Getting a haircut

Evaporation

Ice cube melting

Crushing rocks

Explosions

Light a candle

Tarnishing silver

Formation of acid rain

Dissolving salt in water

Democritus

Dalton

Thomson

Chadwick

Rutherford

Proton

Atom

Bohr

Wave Model

Nucleus

Alpha Particle

Electron

Model

Energy Levels

Electron Cloud

Theory

Aristotle

Atoms are neutral because the number of positively charged protons are the number of negatively charged electrons

Particles that make up the nucleus of an atom are called nucleons and are compromised of protons and neutrons.

When a atom loses an electron, it becomes a cations with a positive charge.

When an atom gains an electron is becomes an anion with negative charge.

In a polar covalent bond the electrons are shared equally.

In a nonpolar covalent bond the electrons are shared equally.

Electrons are transferred in a ionic bond., shared in a covalent bond, and delocalized in a metallic bond.

A Polytomic ion is a covalently bonded group of atoms with a charge such as (PO4-3).

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons a Double bond is formed.

Ionic (1.7 or higher)
Polar(0.4 to 1.7)
Nonpolar(0 to 0.4)

Electrons are shared

Electrons delocalized

Electrons are transferred

Crystal Lattice

Luster

Nonconductors in the solid,molten and dissolved state

Malleable and ductile

High melting point and boiling points

Volatile liquids and gases

Weaker forces between atoms

Hard difficult to crush

Any molecule containing only 2 atoms has a linear shape.

A molecule with 3 atoms bonded to the central atom with 0 unshared pairs of electrons has a trigonal planar shape.

A molecule with 4 atoms bonded to the central atom with 0 unshared pairs of electrons has a tetrahedral shape.

A molecule with 2 atoms bonded to the central atom with 2 unshared pairs of electrons has a bent shape.

A molecule with 3 atoms bonded to the central atom with 1 unshared pair of electrons has a trigonal pyramidal.

Intermolecular

London Dispersion

Dipole-dipole Forces

Hydrogen Bonds

Heat capacity is how much heat it takes to heat up a substance. Some substances take less to heat up because their heat capacity is low and some take longer to heat up because they have a bigger heat capacity.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can be changed from one form into another, mixtures can be separated or made, and pure substances can be decomposed, but the total amount of mass remains constant

In the ground state of the atom the electrons are in the lowest energy level possible. When an atom absorbs energy its in the excited state which is unstable. The atom soon will emit the same amount of energy absorbed which may be seen as visible light.