3.1 Biological molecules

3.1.1 Monomers and polymers

What are monomers?

What are polymers?

What are some examples of monomers?

What is a condensation reaction?

What does a condensation reaction look like?

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

3.1.2 Carbohydrates

What are monosaccharides?

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

How are monosaccharides joined together?

What are disaccharides?

What are some examples of disaccharides?

What is maltose made from?

What is sucrose made from?

What is lactose made from?

What are the two isomers of glucose?

What does the structure of α glucose look like?

What does the structure of β glucose look like?

What are polysaccharides?

What is glycogen?

What is the structure of glycogen like?

What does the structure of glycogen look like?

What is the function of glycogen in cells?

How does the structure of glycogen relate to its function?

What is starch?

What is the structure of starch like?

What does the structure of starch look like?

What is the function of starch in cells?

How does the structure of starch relate to its function?

What is cellulose?

What is the structure of cellulose like?

What does the structure of cellulose look like?

What is the function of cellulose in cells?

How does the structure of cellulose relate to its function?

What are the steps involved in the Benedict's test for reducing sugars?

What results are expected from the Benedict's test for reducing sugars?

What are the steps involved in the Benedict's test for non-reducing sugars?

What results are expected from the Benedict's test for non-reducing sugars?

What are the steps involved in the iodine test for starch?

What results are expected from the iodine test for starch?

3.1.3 Lipids

What is a lipid?

What does the structure of a fatty acid look like?

What does it mean if a fatty acid is unsaturated?

What is a triglyceride?

What does the structure of a triglyceride look like?

What is the function of triglycerides in animals?

How does the structure of triglycerides relate to their functions?

What is a phospholipid

What does the structure of a phospholipid look like?

What is the function of phospholipids in cells?

How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function?

What are the steps involved in the emulsion test for lipids?

What results are expected from the emulsion test for lipids?

3.1.4 Proteins

3.1.4.1 General properties of proteins

What are amino acids?

What does the structure of an amino acid look like?

How many differing R groups are common in all organisms?

What are dipeptides?

What are polypeptides?

How many polypeptides are contained in a functional protein?

What are the functions of proteins?

What are the structures of protein?

What is the primary structure of protein?

What does the primary structure of protein look like?

What is the secondary structure of protein?

What does the secondary structure of protein look like?

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

What does the tertiary structure of protein look like?

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

What does the quaternary structure of protein look like?

What are two types of protein?

What are the steps involved in the Biuret test for proteins?

What results are expected from the Biuret test for proteins?

3.1.4.2 Many proteins are enzymes

What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a reaction?

What does the effect of enzymes on the activation energy of a reaction look like?

What is the induced-fit model of enzyme action?

What does the induced fit model of enzyme action look like?

To what do the properties of an enzyme relate?

What is enzyme specificity?

What is the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?

What is the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?

What is the effect of PH on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?

What are competitive inhibitors?

What does competitive inhibition look like?

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

What does non-competitive inhibition look like?

3.1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules

3.1.5.1 Structure of DNA and RNA

What is DNA?

What is RNA?

What are ribosomes formed from?

What are nucleic acids made up of?

What are nucleotides made up of?

What does the structure of a nucleotide look like?

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

What is the pentose sugar in RNA?

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

What does the structure of a DNA molecule look like?

What is the structure of an RNA molecule?

What does the structure of an RNA molecule look like?

3.1.5.2 DNA replication

What does it mean that DNA replication is 'semi-conservative'?

What are the steps involved in DNA replication?

3.1.6 ATP

What is ATP?

What is ATP made up of?

What does the structure of ATP look like?

What happens during hydrolysis of ATP?

What does the hydrolysis of ATP look like?

What happens during ATP resynthesis?

How is ATP used in cells?

3.1.7 Water

What are the functions of water in the body?

What are the properties of water?

How do the properties of water relate to its function?

3.1.8 Inorganic ions

What are inorganic ions?

What are some examples of inorganic ions?

Where are inorganic ions found?

What is the role of hydrogen ions in maintaining PH?

What is the role of iron ions in haemoglobin?

What is the role of sodium in co-transport of amino acids and glucose?

What is the role of phosphate ions in DNA and ATP?