Fossil fuel resources are not ❌, so the price of it will rise in the future. ❌ energy ❌ will be developed further and might get ❌, however they still need an initial ❌.

Sustainable Design: The ❌ ❌
❌ energy
Mechanical ❌ and ❌
❌ systems
❌ building design

Renewable energy- Mechanical heating and cooling
However the ❌ system won't be ❌ enough to be powered by ❌ energy or passive systems won't work. Basic building design must be ❌ responsive.

Passive Design
-Passive design is a key element of ❌ construction
-Maximise ❌ + minimise ❌ use
-only use the energy available locally (nothing new: similar to vernacular architecture)
-uses the ❌ flow of energy prevailing on site and works with it
1. to ❌
2. to ❌
3. to ill❌
4. to ven❌ a place

Passive Design.
has been ❌ by a design which generally uses little ❌, and is highly energy efficient.
with this new interpretation of passive design small mechanical "❌" ❌ can be used to achieve user ❌.

Passive Design
-low ❌ and energy ❌ buildings means careful considerations of ❌, ❌, ❌ and ❌ systems
-❌ ❌ means of heating, cooling and ventilating needs to be ❌ when it would be beneficial but has to be eliminated if detrimental to a comfortable ❌ ❌.

Passive Design
-uses the following principles to improve on the ❌ ❌ and ❌ performance of a building
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌

The building ❌ chart
-used as a tool to decide what ❌ are valid for the ❌
Procedure
-plot 2 points
1. monthly average ❌ temp with the ❌ rh
2. monthly average max ❌ with the min ❌
- then link both points for each month
- each ❌ will represent the hange in temp and rh over and averge ❌
- one "pair" of data = 1 point
- one line = 1 month

Passive ❌ heating
- technique that uses ❌ of the ❌ to ❌ a buildings ❌ without using other ❌ ❌
- successful use of passive design depends upon
1. the ❌ understanding of ❌ ❌
2. the best use of ❌ and their ❌ in order to capitalise on the solar energy

Main objectives of solar ❌
1. to ❌ all ❌ of heat ❌ from the building
2. ❌ heat ❌ within each ❌

Passive Solar heating
- to ❌ ❌ ❌ by
1. ❌
2. ❌

❌
- ❌ moving ❌
1. ❌
2. ❌ (openings)
3. ❌ ❌ of the ❌ ❌

this can be ❌ by making sure that the building ❌ is ❌ and not ❌

❌
can be ❌ by
1. usuing sufficient ❌ for the building ❌
2. using ❌ / ❌ glazed ❌
3. ❌ ❌

Passive solar heating
- ❌ ❌ ❌
- there are several types of ❌ that can exploit solar gain
1. ❌ gain system
2. ❌ gain system
3. ❌ gain system

Passive solar heating system involves
- a ❌ of ❌ (typically through ❌)
- ❌
1. takes place in ❌ which ❌ a large amount of ❌. thermal mass is characterised by its ability to ❌ and ❌ ❌ to then ❌ it at a ❌ time
- ❌
1. through ❌, ❌ and ❌. (small ❌ and ❌ might assist in this process)
- ❌

❌
-❌ which have the ❌ to ❌ for ❌ periods
-❌
1.passivve ❌
2. ❌
-❌
1. ❌ fluctutations
2. ❌ through ❌
3. ❌
- ❌ & ❌ ❌

❌ and ❌ ❌ also known as ❌ and ❌.
❌
1. the ❌ due to the ❌ known as a time lag
2. the ❌ and more ❌ the ❌, the ❌ it will take for ❌ to ❌

❌
1. the ❌ in ❌ on the ❌ compared to the ❌ is known as ❌
2. a material with a ❌ of ❌ which experiences a ❌ degree celcius ❌ in the ❌ would experience on a ❌ degree celcius ❌ in the ❌

❌ for buildings
- for a ❌ to provide a ❌ of ❌, a combination of three basic ❌ is required
1. ❌
-to ❌ the ❌ that can be ❌ ❌ of material
2. ❌
- to ❌ of the ❌
3. ❌
- so that ❌ is roughly in ❌ with the ❌ of the ❌

What is the thermal conductivity of brick? ❌
what is the density of lightweight aggregate block? ❌
what is the specific heat capacity of sandstone? ❌
what is the effective thermal mass of timber? ❌
what is the effective thermal mass of concrete? ❌
what is the formula for desnity ❌
what is the formula for thermal conductivity ❌
what is the formula for heat capacity? ❌
what does TC stand for? ❌

Thermal mass in ❌
❌
- during ❌ weather, ❌ kept ❌ to keep ❌
-❌ on the ❌ to keep out ❌ during the hottest part of the day
-❌ is provided by ❌ in ❌ and ❌

❌
- ❌ at night to ❌ the building iand ❌ the ❌
-if ❌ is expected, windows are closed again in the morning and ❌

Thermal mass in ❌
❌
- during ❌, ❌ can enter through ❌, and the ❌ by the ❌ in the ❌ and ❌
- in the ❌ when the sun goes down and the ❌, the ❌ is ❌ and ❌ back into the ❌

❌
- curtains are drawn and ❌ to ❌
- ❌ to be ❌ by the thermal mass and ❌ is ❌ so only ❌ amount is used
- ❌, the thermal mass will have given up most of its heat and the ❌ will typically need to ❌ on s❌ in the ❌

What 4 is type of passive heating system is shown in the image order them in terms of the image?
1. ❌ system
2. ❌ system
3. ❌ system
4. ❌

❌ system
-passive heating technique generally used in ❌ or ❌
-sunlight enters theough ❌, ❌ or ❌ and is ❌ by the ❌ ❌
- if the room is ❌ ❌ will ❌ into the ❌
- when ❌ the ❌ is ❌

❌ system
thermal mass deisgn considerations
1. large areas of the ❌
2. large areas of ❌
-❌
-❌
-to ❌ and ❌ the required amount of ❌
3. ❌, in areas that experience ❌
4. thermal mass should not ❌ to the ❌ ❌
5. needs to be ❌ to work properly
-bare functionally and asthetically as possible, ❌ or other ❌ to cover, if need cover use ❌.
- in ❌, ❌ of the ❌ in order to ❌

Case study: ❌ ❌
- winner of the AIA COTE top 10 green projects 2005
-❌
-❌ with earthen finish, and ❌
- ❌ and ❌
-❌ PV

Case study: ❌ ❌ ❌
-winner of AIA COTE top 10 green projects ❌
- ❌
- ❌ and ❌ for ❌
-❌ for ❌

❌
-❌ between the ❌ and the ❌ (usually living room)
-thermal mass ❌ as ❌, ❌ the ❌ and ❌ it to the ❌

Indirect solar gain types
1. ❌ wall
2. ❌ wall
3. ❌
4. ❌

❌ - ❌
- ❌ located immediatley behind (south-facing) ❌

❌- ❌
-same principle as ❌l but it as ❌ at the ❌ and ❌
-❌ and is ❌ and ❌ by the ❌
-the ❌ at both ❌ parts provide for ❌ and ❌ in the space behind ❌
- the ❌ keep the ❌ ❌
- heat is ❌ by ❌ as the ❌ ❌, and is ❌ to the ❌ some ❌

❌- design considerations
-wall facing the ❌ should be a ❌
-❌
-varying ❌, depending on ❌ (brick, concrete, abode, rammed earth etc.)

❌- Indirect solar gain
-2 useful attributes
1. small ❌
2. high ❌
-❌ to ❌ it aims to ❌ and ❌ with ❌ plus ❌

How does it work?
1. ❌ the light ❌ module and hit ❌
2. ❌ is ❌ into ❌ and ❌ in the ❌, which ❌ with ❌ of several hours into the ❌
3. carful cause could ❌, ❌ maybe ❌

❌ case study - ❌ ❌, ❌
- south facade
1. ❌
2. ❌ behind ❌
3. ❌ by large ❌ ❌

what does TI stand for ? ❌

❌
-❌ and ❌ are ❌ from the ❌ of the building
1. ❌
2. ❌
-❌ that is ❌ of or ❌ to a ❌ but which can be completely ❌ ❌ from the main ❌

Case study: ❌, ❌, ❌
-❌ (no utility bills)
-❌
-operable ❌
-❌ and ❌
-❌
-❌

❌-functions of space

1. ❌
-intermediate ❌ between ❌ and ❌
-❌ to buildings ❌, ❌
-❌ from wind chill, rain. more important in northern wind exposed locations
2. ❌
- ❌ in ❌ at ❌ to allow ❌ in ❌
-❌ from ❌ and ❌ as part of ❌, called ❌
-❌ ❌ deeper into ❌
3. ❌
- ❌ comes through ❌ to ❌
-❌ when the air gets cold ❌ and ❌ to ❌ through ❌ separating the sunsapce from living space.

❌- design considerations
1. ❌ should be considered (❌)
2. the ❌ of the sunspace, the ❌ the ability of ❌ to ❌
3. ❌ need when choosing sunspace with ❌ (❌ can ❌
4. ❌
- can be ❌ via external shading from ❌ or ❌
-❌ (leafless trees will continue to shade to an extent)
-❌ the sunspace by placing ❌ to the ❌

Isolated gain system: Case study
1.❌, ❌, UK
2. Office and housing project, ❌

Thermal mass in commercial buildings

❌
-❌
-❌
-features vs infrastructure
❌
-❌
-❌
-❌
❌
-❌
❌