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Test 1 Memory Quiz on Week 3, created by leticia_haddad_g on 08/04/2016.

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Week 3

Question 1 of 48

1

Con qué se relaciona la WMC?
Se relaciona con el performance de higher-order cognitive tasks (reading comprehension, complex learning and reasoning).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 2 of 48

1

Hay una variedad de tasks que sirven para predict el performance de muchas cognitive tasks. Hay diferentes maneras de medir estas tasks. Selecciona las correctas

Select one or more of the following:

  • Estas tasks tienen que permitir que el sujeto sea capaz de poder concentrar y enfocar su atención al cien por ciento en una sola task.

  • Estas tasks también tienen que involve some fundamental aspect of cognition, because performance on them predicts performance on a wide range of higher-order cognitive tasks.

  • En estas pruebas los sujetos reciben items que tienen que recall y al mismo tiempo tienen que perform otra task que sea attention-demanding. Esta attention-demanding task tiene que ser interleaved between receiving the items for recall.

Explanation

Question 3 of 48

1

Capacity = limited number of items or chunks that can be stored.
WM is about memory.
WMC is about = using attention to maintain or suppress information.
Greater WMC = more items can be maintained as active, greater ability to control attention, not a larger memory store.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 4 of 48

1

Qué es proactive interference?

Select one of the following:

  • La dificultad que people encounter cuando un comportamiento nuevo es asociado con un contexto asociado con otros comportamientos. Por ejemplo, cuando te estacionas en el primer centro comercial no tienes problemas, pero si ya fuiste a varios centros comerciales vas a tener problemas encontrando tu coche.
    Lidiar con estos problemas de proactive interference es una de las principales funciones de la STM.

  • La dificultad que people encounter cuando un comportamiento nuevo es asociado con un contexto asociado con otros comportamientos. Por ejemplo, cuando te estacionas en el primer centro comercial no tienes problemas, pero si ya fuiste a varios centros comerciales vas a tener problemas encontrando tu coche.
    Lidiar con estos problemas de proactive interference es una de las principales funciones de la WMC.

Explanation

Question 5 of 48

1

Qué diferencias encontraron en el experimento de proactive interference?
1.) High-span subjects' performance decreased under cognitive load (HWMC).
2.) Low-span subjects' performance was unaffected by load (LWMC).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 6 of 48

1

Diferencias entre STM y WMC

Select one of the following:

  • WMC: related to memory processes, executive attention and performance on other cognitive tasks.
    STM: related to primarily memory processes such as grouping, chunking, and rehearsal.

  • WMC: related to primarily memory processes such as grouping, chunking, and rehearsal.
    STM: related to memory processes, executive attention and performance on other cognitive tasks.

Explanation

Question 7 of 48

1

In the experiment:
Low spans were:
- hurt more than high spans.
- substantially slower to identify the letters than high-span subjects were.
- more likely to follow the natural tendency to look in the direction of the cue than were high-span subjects.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 8 of 48

1

La WMC refleja conocimiento específico de las span tasks o en la que los pertinentes attentional resources are domain specific.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 9 of 48

1

Cuál es la stroop task y qué resultados fueron obtenidos en este experimento?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Stropp task es en la que escribes colores y la tinta puede ser congruente o incongruente con el color que escribiste.

  • % of error did not differ for high-and-los-WM subjects in the 0% or 50% congruent conditions.

  • 75% congruent trials, errors, did not differ for high-and-los-WM subjects.

  • % of error did differ for high-and-los-WM subjects in the 0% or 50% congruent conditions.

  • 75% congruent trials, low-span subjects made almost as twice errors as people with high-spans.

Explanation

Question 10 of 48

1

La dichotic-listening task mide la habilidad de una persona de repetir en voz alta las palabras que le presentan en un oído y al mismo tiempo tiene que ignorar la información que se le presenta en el otro oído.
Las personas con LWMc van a ser peores que los HWMC ignorando o bloquear las distracciones.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 48

1

La WMC está relacionada con general fluid intelligence y executive attention.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 12 of 48

1

Qué es el modal model?
- assumes that information comes in from the environment and is processed first by a parallel series of brief temporary sensory memory system, flows into the short-term store also acting as working memory, responsible for the selecting and operating strategies, for rehearsal and generally serving as a global workspace.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 48

1

A qué se refieren los levels of processing?
A que aprender depende de la manera en la que el material es procesado.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 48

1

Qué es una phonological loop?
- is assumed to be specialized for holding sequences of acoustic or speech-based items.
- basically a model of verbal STM.
- increases span by two or three items on the rather artificial task of repeating back numbers.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 48

1

Qué es una visto-spatial sketchpad? Baddeley & Hitch
- function for visually and/or spatially encoded items and arrays.
- controlled by the central executive.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 48

1

Qué es el central executive?
An attentional limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems, serving as a controller that runs the whole show.
- controlador de atención.
- dos maneras de controlar:
1.) automática = basada en hábitos existentes.
2.) depends on an attentionally limited executive.
- dividing attention between two or more tasks.
- is requieren if attention has to be switched between two or more tasks.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 48

1

A qué se refiere el semantic coding?
Processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in long-term memory.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 48

1

Qué es la nonword repetition?
Es un test en el que se dan pseudo words a los participantes y poco a poco incrementan su longitud. Los participantes las escuchan y las tienen que repetir.
- este test se usa mucho para diagnosticar dislexia.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 19 of 48

1

Qué es la phonological awareness?
La habilidad que tenemos de reflect on spoken stimuli.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 48

1

El psicólogo uso Alexander Romanovitch Luria fue el que desarrolló un método para influenciar el lenguaje on the control of acción. Como en las que tienes que memorizar palabras y al mismo tiempo hacer una operación matemática.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 48

1

Las personas con vivid imagery tiene mejores recuerdos.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 48

1

Qué es el supervisory attentional system (SAS)?
- attentional control of action.
- assumed to depend heavily on the frontal lobes.
- able to intervene, either in favor of one or other of the competing options or else to activate strategies for seeking alternative solutions.
- in the absence of control from the SAS, the patient simply reverts to habit-based control, responding automatically to any cues.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 48

1

Qué es una confabulation?
A recollection of something that did not happen.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 48

1

Qué es un episodic buffer?
- a storage system that can hold about four chunks of information in a multidimensional code.
- multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long-term memory.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 25 of 48

1

Qué es binding?
- linking of features into objects or of events into coherent episodes.
- binding suggests that information can access the buffer direct from the visa-spatial and phonological subsystems and from LTM.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 48

1

Engle es un autor muy importante relacionado con la Working Memory!!!

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 27 of 48

1

A qué se refiere el term inhibition y cómo puede ayudarnos en diferentes actividades?
- Mechanisms to suppress other activities.
- por ejemplo, proactive interference = tendency for earlier items to compete at retrieval with the to be recalled. If the same category is used for several successive lists, this leads to poorer recall of later lists.
- interference effect proved to be reliably greater in low working memory span participants, significa que tienen menos capacidad de inhibition.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 28 of 48

1

Para qué sirve la high WMC?
- helps resistance to distractors.
- distractors are similar to targets, higher working memory capacity is needed to resist capture.
- evoked response potential (ERP) = is used to study resistance to distracting stimuli.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 29 of 48

1

Cuáles son las dos diferencias individuales que podemos encontrar en la working memory?

Select one of the following:

  • 1.) Primary component: dynamic attentional capacity for the temporary maintenance of items and is reflected in the recency effect in free recall of word lists.
    2.) Secondary component: involves the capacity for cue-dependent search in LTM.

  • 1.) Primary component: involves the capacity for cue-dependent search in LTM.
    2.) Secondary component: dynamic attentional capacity for the temporary maintenance of items and is reflected in the recency effect in free recall of word lists.

Explanation

Question 30 of 48

1

Cuál es la diferencia entre declarative WM, procedural WM, resource sharing y task switching?

Select one of the following:

  • Declarative WM = the underlying processes.
    Procedural WM = aspects of which we are aware.
    Resource sharing = use of limited attentional capacity to maintain 2 or more simultaneous activities.
    Task switching = limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.

  • Declarative WM = aspects of which we are aware.
    Procedural WM = the underlying processes.
    Resource sharing = use of limited attentional capacity to maintain 2 or more simultaneous activities.
    Task switching = limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.

  • Declarative WM =
    Procedural WM =
    Resource sharing = limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.
    Task switching = use of limited attentional capacity to maintain 2 or more simultaneous activities.

Explanation

Question 31 of 48

1

Cuál es la diferencia entre spatial working memory y object memory?

Select one of the following:

  • Spatial working memory = system involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location.
    Object memory = system that temporarily retains information concerning visual features as colors and shapes.

  • Spatial working memory = system that temporarily retains information concerning visual features as colors and shapes.
    Object memory = system involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location.

Explanation

Question 32 of 48

1

Working memory depends heavily on LTM.
Working memory is a crucial link between cognition and action.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 33 of 48

1

La semantic memory es un individual's store of knowledge about the world. The content of semantic memory is abstracted from actual experience and is therefore said to be conceptual.
Generalmente tenemos más información en la semantic memory.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 34 of 48

1

Cuál es la diferencia entre episodic memory y semantic memory?
Retrograde amnesia = where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia, even though they may be able to encode and memorize new things that occur after the onset.

Select one of the following:

  • Episodic memory = "self-knowing" - retrograde amnesia puede dañar varios años de esta memoria.
    Semantic memory = "knowing awareness" - retrograde amnesia prácticamente no afecta esta memoria.

  • Episodic memory ="knowing awareness" - retrograde amnesia prácticamente no afecta esta memoria.
    Semantic memory = "self-knowing" - retrograde amnesia puede dañar varios años de esta memoria.

Explanation

Question 35 of 48

1

Semantic dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF SEMANTIC MEMORY.
- patients with semantic dementia find it very hard to access information about most concepts stored in semantic memory.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 36 of 48

1

Podemos usar información sensorial y perceptiva para recall recent y remote autobiographical memories.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 37 of 48

1

McClosky & Glucksberg. Verheyen & Storms.
- Muchas long-term memories consisten de una mezcla de episodic y semantic memory.
- Antes se creía que la memoria semántica está organizada en redes jerárquicas, pero eso sería muy INFLEXIBLE.
- Many concepts in semantic memory are fuzzy rather than neat and tidy (como decían lo de las jerarquías).
- Semantic memory is organized on the basis of semantic relatedness or semantic distance.
- AMBIGUITY = individuals may use different criteria for categorization.
- VAGUENESS = individuals may use different cut-offs to separate members form nonmembers.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 48

1

Eysenck, Collins & Quillian están muy relacionados con la memoria semántica.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 39 of 48

1

Qué es el typicality effect?
The time taken to decide a category member belongs to a category is less for typical than atypical members.
- when familiarity was controlled, hierarchical distance between the subject and the property had little effect on verification time.
- verification times were faster for more typical or representative members of a category.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 40 of 48

1

Qué dice la teoría de producción del lenguaje y por quién fue creada?
- Fue creada por Dell.
- according to this theory, when we plan an utterance (pronunciación, declaración), this leads to activation of several of the sounds in the intended sentence before we start to speak.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 41 of 48

1

- Categorization at the basic level is generally more informative than at the superordinate level and so requieres more information processing.
- Subordinate categories are much more informative for experts.
- Expertise is necessary for categorization at the subordinate level to occur fastest.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 42 of 48

1

- Concept processing can have a perceptual or imaginal quality about it.
- Object qualities not visible if you were actually looking at the object are harder to think of than those that would be visible.
- Conceptual representations of objects include situational information.
- Situational information is important in object categorization.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 43 of 48

1

- Different kinds of information about a given object are stored in different brain locations.
- Emotionally positive stimuli elicit approach.
- Emotionally negative stimuli elicit avoidance.
- Individuals respond faster to positive attract stimuli.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 44 of 48

1

Category-specific deficits = problems with specific categories of objects.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 45 of 48

1

Much of the knowledge we have stored in semantic memory consists of larger structures of information.
Qué tipos schemas existen?
Schema = well-integrated chunk of knowledge about the world, event, people or actions.
Schematic knowledge in the form of scripts is useful because it allows us to form realistic expectations.
Two major types of information in semantic memory:
1.) Abstract - concepts generally corresponding to individual words.
2.) Broader and more flexible organizational structures based on schemas and scripts.

Select one of the following:

  • Script = a type of schema in which information about objects and their properties is stored. Knowledge structures referring to some aspect of the world.
    Frame = a type of schema relating to the typical sequences of events in various common situations. Deal with knowledge about events and consequences of event.
    Stereotypes = schemas involving simplified generalizations about various groups.

  • Script = a type of schema relating to the typical sequences of events in various common situations. Deal with knowledge about events and consequences of event.
    Frame = a type of schema in which information about objects and their properties is stored. Knowledge structures referring to some aspect of the world.
    Stereotypes = schemas involving simplified generalizations about various groups.

Explanation

Question 46 of 48

1

Bartlett
Rationalization = tendency in story recall to produce errors conforming to the rememberer's cultural expectations.
- memory for stories is affected not only by the presented story itself but also by the participant's store of relevant schematic knowledge.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 47 of 48

1

Ecological validity = applicability to everyday life.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 48 of 48

1

Qué es el von Restorff effect?
Effect in which information distinctive in a given context attracts attention and is well remembered.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation