_________ and ___________ have had a massive impact on society over the last few centuries

They have __________ religion and led to a widespread "belief in science"

The key feature of science is its _______ _____

What does this mean?

Who claims science is an "open belief system"?

He argues science is open to _______ and _______

Science is based on the principle of _____________

What is this?

However scientific knowledge is not the absolute truth. Why?

_________ argues that science is an organised social activity

Merton has developed a set of norms that promote the growth of knowledge by encouraging openness. What is the name of these norms?

C

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O S

Who distinguishes between open and closed belief systems?

Like _________, he sees science as an open belief system

However religion is a ______ belief system. How?

A closed system has ___ ___ _______ that prevent it from being disproved in the eyes of its believers

POLANYI
Belief systems have three devises to sustain themselves when presented with contradictory evidence. What are these?

Who argues SCIENCE is a closed system?

What concept does Kuhn use to explain this?

What is a paradigm?

What does the paradigm tell scientists?

Most of the time, scientists are engaged in _______ _______ within the paradigm

Scientists who __________ the paradigm are likely to be ridiculed

At what time is there an exception to this?

INTERPRETIVISTS argue that scientific knowledge is ________ __________

_______-______ argues that what scientists study in the lab is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world they are supposedly studying

What does Woolgar argue scientists have to persuade the scientific community to do?

Who do Marxists and Feminists see science as serving the interests of?

In a marxist view, many scientific developments are driven by what?

Which perspective also rejects science's claims to have 'the truth'?

Lyotard argues that science is a ____-_________

What is a meta-narrative?

Some argue that science has become _____________, serving capitalist interests by producing commodities for profit

What does the term "ideology" refer to?

The term often includes ________ aspects

For example, beliefs that are false or are a ______ view of reality

Or beliefs that conceal the interests of a group or _______ inequalities

Or beliefs that prevent change by misleading people about their situation, or beliefs that are irrational and closed to _______

Marxism sees society as divided into two opposed classes:

The capitalist class exploit workers labour to produce _____

It is in the workers interests to _________ capitalism by revolution and create a classless, communist society

However, revolution cannot occur until the working class become aware of their exploitation : _____ ____________

What is hegemony?

How does ruling class hegemony prevent class consciousness?

Who believes that ultimately the working class will overthrow capitalism?

This will be led by a party of class conscious ________ __________

Feminists see ______ ________ as legitimated by patriarchal ideology

What do religious beliefs and practises often define women as?

Give an example of this

Not all religious belief systems subordinate women. Give an example