Anna K
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Quiz on Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia, created by Anna K on 27/04/2016.

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Anna K
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Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia

Question 1 of 24

1

True or False: It has been observed that Sz runs in families.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 2 of 24

1

What is the possible biological reasons that Sz seems to run in families?

Select one or more of the following:

  • That there is a gene for schizophrenia that is inherited

  • They share the same environment

Explanation

Question 3 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Family research
A of families by showed that there was a clear relationship between the (genetically) of the family member with Sz and the of developing the disorder. For the the chance of developing Sz is %. If sombodies has Sz then the likely hood is %. For a it is %, however he found for (two egg) twins the likely hood was % and for it was %. If parent has sz then the chance is % and if parents have it then it goes up to %. This suggests that there may be a explanation as there may be an sz gene that causes Sz. However the issue with family studies is that families share as well as genes therefore the results of this meta-analysis could be due to and social factors rather than genetic.

Explanation

Question 4 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Twin Study
and looked at the concordance rate for sz in pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, from data that spanned years. They found the concordance rate for dizygotic twins was % and for monozygotic it was %. As the MZ twins had a simnifically higher concordance rate it suggests that there may be a genetic factor, as they share % of their DNA. However as they have identical genetic make up the concordance rate should be 100% but as it is only % it suggests there may be other factors involved, such as environmental or social factors. The best way to study the effects would be to investigate twins that were reared which and did in a later study. In a study of twin pairs, of whom were raised apart, they found a % concordance rate which supports the genetic theory as most of them have not shared the same environment.

Explanation

Question 5 of 24

1

Which statement is true about the Stress Diathesis Model?

Select one of the following:

  • It claims Sz is caused by stress.

  • It suggests Sz may be a combination of psychological and biological causes.

  • It says that Sz is solely caused by biological factors and ignores any potential psychological factors.

  • It says that Sz is solely caused by psychological factors and ignores any potential biological factors.

Explanation

Question 6 of 24

1

Which of these things does the Biochemical Explanation of Sz look at?

Select one or more of the following:

  • How an imbalance of neurochemicals could cause Sz.

  • How an imbalance of neurotransmitters could cause Sz.

  • How in imbalance of red blood cells could cause Sz.

  • How in imbalance of cerebral fluid could cause Sz.

Explanation

Question 7 of 24

1

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis?

Select one of the following:

  • That drug abuse could cause Sz.

  • That excessive amounts of dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites could cause Sz.

  • That too little dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites could cause Sz.

Explanation

Question 8 of 24

1

What can cause heightened dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites?

Select one or more of the following:

  • The presynaptic neutrons releasing excessive amounts of dopamine.

  • Over sensitive or too many dopamine receptors.

  • Drug abuse

  • The presynaptic neutrons releasing too little dopamine.

Explanation

Question 9 of 24

1

True or False: Modern research suggests schizophrenics have an abnormal dopamine D1:D2 receptor ratio.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Anti-psychotic Drug Research
Anti-psychotic drugs are designed to dopamine in order to prevent them from being by the , and therefore symptoms of Sz. As the drugs have been proven to be effective it shows that there is a between and the of sz, which supports the dopamine hypothesis. However the drugs only reduced symptoms, such as hallucinations, and was not for everyone. This suggests that the cause of Sz and its symptoms may be more than simply dopamine activity, there could be other involved such as social or neuroatomical factors.

Explanation

Question 11 of 24

1

What is L-dopa?

Select one of the following:

  • A drug that is used to treat Parkinson's Disease.

  • A recreational drug.

  • An anti-depressant.

  • An anti-psychotic drug.

Explanation

Question 12 of 24

1

True or False: L-dopa lowers dopamine activity.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 24

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Side effects of the drug ( L-dopa, Antabuse, Paracetamol ), which ( raises, decreases, stabilises ) dopamine activity, have included ( schizophrenia, depression, anxiety )-like symptoms such as ( hallucinations, flattening, avoliton ). This side effect clearly displays the link between dopamine and the ( positive, negative ) symptoms of sz which supports the ( dopamine, serotonin, testosterone, melatonin ) hypothesis. However as L-dopa only produces ( positive, negative ) symptoms of sz it suggests that there may be more to dopamine, it also suggest that the dopamine hypothesis is not a complete explanation of sz as it ( fails, remembers ) to explain the presence of ( negative, positive ) symptoms.

Explanation

Question 14 of 24

1

What do Amphetamines do?

Select one of the following:

  • Raise dopamine levels.

  • Decrease dopamine levels.

  • Stabilise dopamine levels.

Explanation

Question 15 of 24

1

It was found that amphetamines...

Select one or more of the following:

  • ...produced symptoms similar to paranoid schizophrenia when given to non-schizophrenic.

  • ...increased the severity of schizophrenic symptoms when given to schizophrenics.

  • ...decreased the severity of schizophrenic symptoms when given to schizophrenics.

  • ...produced symptoms similar to anxiety when given to non-schizophrenic.

  • ...produced symptoms similar to depression when given to non-schizophrenic.

Explanation

Question 16 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Post Mortem Research
Post mortem examinations of the of schizophrenic individuals found that schizophrenics had an number of dopamine in specific parts of the brain ( nucleus ) compared to the number of receptors found in a non-schizophenic brain. This abnormal amount of dopamine receptors could explain the dopamine activity and over- to dopamine, which may be the cause of schizophrenic symptoms. However it is unclear whether these dopamine receptors were a or a of sz, or whether it was a effect of taking - drugs.

Explanation

Question 17 of 24

1

What did PET scans on schizophrenic individuals reveal?

Select one of the following:

  • They have twice as many dopamine receptors as a non-schizophrenic person.

  • They have half as many dopamine receptors as a non-schizophrenic person.

  • They have decreased activity in the limbic system compared to a non-schizophrenic person.

  • They have increased activity in the frontal lobe compared to a non-schizophrenic person.

Explanation

Question 18 of 24

1

What is the neuroatomical explanation for sz?

Select one of the following:

  • That schizophrenics have a different brain structure to non-schizophrenics.

  • That schizophrenics have the same brain structure to non-schizophrenics.

  • That the structure of the neurones in the schizophrenics brain are different.

Explanation

Question 19 of 24

1

What neuroatomical differences did Brown find in his MRI research on the brain structure of schizophrenics?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Reduced brain weight

  • Enlarged brain ventricles

  • Increased brain weight

  • Reduced brain ventricles

Explanation

Question 20 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Neuroatomical Twin Studies
conduced scans on twins, one of them had sz and the other did not. He found that the sz twin had increased brain and reduced brain compared to the non-schizophrenic twin. The brains of the twins, as they are , should have been identical as their genetic make up is identical however as the schizophrenic twin had a different brain anatomy it shows that there is a clear between the abnormal brain structure and sz. However the cause and effect is unclear as they cannot tell if the structural abnormalities were a cause or of sz.

Explanation

Question 21 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Schizophrenia frontal lobe and pre-frontal cortex research
Research has found that schizophrenics have blood flow to the lobe and reduced activity in the - cortex when performing memory tasks. The prefrontal and frontal lobes are areas or the brain that have been associated with response, impulse control and planning. A malfunction in these areas could explain the symptoms such as , the inability to persist in any goal orientated behaviour, and , a reduction in range and intensity of emotion, as they are linked to those areas of the brain. This is supported by the fact these brain anomalies have been primarily found in individuals who display predominantly symptoms, which suggests a link between an abnormal neural anatomy and the symptoms of sz; however, does not explain the presence of symptoms which suggest sz may be more complex that simply an anatomical difference int the brain.

Explanation

Question 22 of 24

1

True or False: Research has found that a disproportionately large number of schizophrenics are born in winter or early spring.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 24

1

Which trimester of pregnancy is key for neural development

Select one of the following:

  • First trimester

  • Second trimester

  • Third trimester

Explanation

Question 24 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Neurodevelopmental Explanation
investigated the incidents among the children of women who contracted a certain strand of during a 5 week epidemic in . discovered that a significantly amount of children who were exposed to the infection during the trimester, which is vital for development, developed schizophrenia compared to those who were exposed to it in the first or third trimester. This is an attractive theory as it offers an explanation how individuals with no history of sz develop it or why sometimes only one out of a pair of twins develops it. However despite there being a correlation it is only a small correlation and not every child who was exposed to the influenza grew up to develop schizophrenia which suggests that the neurodevelopmental explanation of schizophrenia is too and that there may be other involved, such as social and environmental factors. A better explanation might be the model which is a of biological and psychological explanations. The biological factors, such as being exposed to the virus in the second trimester, may and make the child vulnerable to developing sz; however, the psychological factors, such as high levels of expressed emotion at home, may the schizophrenia to emerge and develop.

Explanation

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