is water flowing across the surface of the earth Interception is water on objects is water soaking into soil Thorughflow is when water seeps through towards a - downward movement of water below water table transpiration water from plant's
A drainage basin is...
an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
an area of land which is drained for its water
An area of land that experiences severe drought
the boundary of a basin is called its...
border
watershed
water line
Large rivers have drainage basins eg. the
precipitation outside the river's drainage basin will...
flow to the sea
just soak into ground
flow into another river
Physical causes of flooding heavy rain - ground becomes so can't absorb any more of heavy rain - ground can't absorb water so runs into which then burst = floods Rapid snow - increases water into river, can be too much so river its banks.
Human causes of flooding - + concrete so water doesn't drains take it straight to rivers decreasing time - less so more . Also more washed into rivers reducing river River - effect river
Label the graph
label hydrograph
label the hydrograoh
Sustainable flood control includes: new - rivers are monitored so can be given in upper catchment area - more and reservoirs - control of discharge and used for power and lakes used for
Today focus on sustainable river management called integrated management, which uses
Soft engineering
Hard engineering
agency warn about floods, their advice is to: prepare kits keep phone prepare move / goods to places
Soft engineering includes: - stop planning permission on flood plant water plants to soak up water and reduce water - increase interception digging a flood channel - provide another path for water when to high to remove - increase capacity
engineering includes building to increase of the river channelisation - and river so it flows Building and reservoirs - water slowly , stop becoming overwhelmed
Which are true for channelisation
can cause flooding further down the river as water gets there too quickly
it is a method of soft engineering
channel must be reinforced to stop it reverting to natural course
can decrease water table
Hydraulic action is when rocks collide, eroding cliff/bank as they scrape of material with them
Attrition is when rocks collide with one another so breaking into smaller pices
Abrasion is the force of running water undercutting banks and eroding beds
Solution is...
Force of running water eroding the bank
When rocks collide with each other and are broken into smaller pieces
When minerals from rocks are dissolved and carried by the river
What erosion occurs in the plunge pool?
undercutting is caused by from the of the river and action from the force of water
when waterfalls move upstream what do they create
a valley
a chasm
a gorge
In water falls an overhang is caused by . This occurs because there is a of rock above rock
large rocks being dragged and rolled along the bed is called
suspension
saltation
solution
traction
smaller sediment being bounced along the bed of the river
fine particles of silt/clay held in the water
tracction
As the river flows through lower lying land: Discharge is gradient is bedload is erosion more prominent than downwards erosion
Formation of meander and ox bow lake 1) water flows faster on so more quickly, occurs on inside 2) river so then takes route 3) more water flows through straight route 4) cut off 5) ox bow forms and eventually up
A river drops its load when...
it doesn't have enough energy to carry
it doesn't have a large enough gradient
it doesn't have a high enough discharge
❌ sediment is deposited first
pebbles, gravel, sand and silt is deposited in the
middle and lower course
upper and lower course
upper and middle course
dissolved load is carried out to sea
Mouth of a river forms a wide funnel shape called an Estuaries are and a mix of and salt water deposition of and here form mud and marshes
Deltas forms when silt accumulates at the mouth of the river because...
there is too much of it
the sea can't move it
it joins together
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