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ka783
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Mind Map on SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, created by ka783 on 17/05/2016.
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5458420
mind_map
2017-09-09T03:27:21Z
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Development and
Definition
Concept evolving for over
40 years since the 1972
UN Conference on the
Human Environment
(Stockholm)
1987: World Commission on Environment and
Development, chaired by the Prime Minister of
Norway: Gro Harlem Brundtland, report: "Our
Common Future" or the Brundtland Report
Key References: Rogers, Jalal and Boyd 2008 "An
Introduction to Sustainable Development"
landmark
document
creating separately existing
environmental institutions is not
enough because env issues are an
integral part of all development
policies
Env issues are crucial to economic
consideration as part of energy
decisions, social issues and
development work
1992 UN Conference of Environment and
Development, Rio de Janeiro - The Earth Summit:
Endorsed "Agenda 21" a "Think
piece" and program of action
governing human activities with
impact on the environment
Finalised the UN Climate Change Convention and Biodiversity
Convention, signed my many heads of states
responsible for the ratification of the Kyoto
Protocol
It's Clean Development Mechanism:
designed in part to assist participating
developing countries in achieving
sustainable development
2002 Wold Summit
on Sustainable
Development, heads
of state and world
leaders committed
to implement
Agenda 21
Since it gained
prominence, its
definition and
description has
varied
Gained recognition alongside other
related issues e.g. conservation,
ecosystem services and social
concerns
Has to evolve and be
adapted to the real world:
for all sectors including
finance, investors,
economists and traders
SD Projects need to
be:
1) Economically and Financially
Viable
2) Environmentally
Sound
3) Take into account Social
Issues
4) Governed & Supported
Appropriately
"Sustained human progress not just in a
few places for a few years, but for the
entire planet into the distant future"
Originated with quantities such as
MSY - working at the maximums -
but this is not necessarily
sustainable in the long term
Brundtland Report 1987: development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
Reppetto, R. 1986 "the core idea of sustainability is that current
decisions should not impair the prospects for maintaining or
improving future living standards. This implies that our economic
systems should be managed so that we can live off the dividends
of our reourses"
Daly, H.E. 1987 "increase in moral
knowledge or ethical capital for mankind"
Munasinghe, M. 1993: 3 approaches to SD - the triple bottom line
1) economic - maximising income while maintaining a constant or increasing
stock of capital
2) ecological - maintaining resilience and robustness of biological and
physical systems
3) social-cultural - maintaining stability of social and cultural
systems
Achievability
Measuring Environmental
Quality (Rogers and Jalal et al.
1997): "9 ways to achieve
sustainability"
1) Leave/Return
everything in a pristine
state
2) Develop without overwhelming the
carrying capacity of the system
3) Sustainability will take care of itself
as economic growth proceeds: Kuznets
Curve
4) Polluter and victim can
arrive at an efficient solution
themselves (Coase)
5) Let the markets take care
of it - the invisible hand
6) Internalise the
Externalities
7) National economic accounting
systems should reflect defensive
expenditures - accounting should
consider resources
8) Reinvest rents for non
renewable resources - strong and
weak sustainability
9) Leave future generations the
options or the capacity to be as well
off as we are
what is the globes carrying
capacity?
If it is exceeded - what
next?
continuously degrading system
with development of populations
Can work well on a small
scale - national or global?
Transaction costs high
Prices on pollution and permits on pollution trading
How to value and quantify
externalities for economic analysis?
GDP is benefited by pollution
and resource use: indicates
expenditures
large oil companies are
investing profits into
renewable technologies
Can we continue to
progress and improve?
How do we ensure it?
National Income redefined as: "sustainable social net product" (Sir John Hicks)
Savings, as a % of GDP, should be greater to or equal to the sum of
the depreciation of human knowledge plus the depreciation of
human-made capital plus the depreciation of natural capital
Strong sustinability requires EACH to increase or remain constant over time,
Weak just requires SUM to increase or remain constant
Life - Cycle Analysis
can prove the sustainability of small lifestyle choices
look at raw materials, production and disposal (potential heat recovery) / reusability
Environmental impacts: pollution, emissions, raw materials, utilities e.g. electricity
imperative to achieve SD to consider environmental
concerns, new legal requirement, economic and social costs
Considerations
population growth, consumption, production, pollution, effects of legal
requirements, poverty, international law and environmental agreements
used to gauge success of projects
poverty, population, inequality, pollution, policy and market failures,
prevention and management of natural disasters
Environmental Degradation and Poverty
The two cycles need to be broken if development
is to be sustainable
Good Governance
Accountability - answerable for their actions and behaviour
Participation & Decentralisation -
involvement of stakeholders and
redistribution away from a central
organisation - to local governance
Predictability - laws, regulations and policies must be fair and
consistently applied so that people can predict the
consequences and outcomes of violating them
Transparency - info on government
actions and policies before and after
action, must be available to the
general public
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5458420
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2017-09-09T03:27:21Z
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