Which of the following is/are true about Active and Passive aspects of respiration?
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, the intercostal nerve innervates the inner intercostal muscles
In inspiration, the diaphragm moves down and outward to flatten at the bottom.
In expiration the ribs rise.
Exhalation is passive in part because of lung tissue elasticity
Compliance and elasticity have an inverse relationship
Which of the following is/are true regarding lung surfactant?
It is made of DPPC, a collagen-like glycoprotein
It is secreted by alveolar type 1 cells
It is meant to increase surface tension of alveoli to prevent collapse
In the absence of surfactant, smaller alveoli would collapse and larger alveoli would continuously expand
It increases compliance
Which of the following is/are true about the gas conductance and exchange apparatus?
There is turbulence in the upper airways but laminar flow in the lower airways
Gravity affects blood causing greater blood pressure at the base of the lungs resulting in decreased flow but increased O2 perfusion
Cells between the pharynx and bronchioles are ciliated to prevent particles from reaching the tissues of gas exchange
Cells of the nasal cavity, larynx, and true vocal folds are all stratified squamous epithelium but only the nasal cavity is keratinized
Club/Clara cells can be found in the bronchi
Which of the following is/are true about Carbon MONOXIDE and Carbon DIOXIDE with respect to the respiratory apparatus?
Most of the CO2 is bound to hemoglobin
A shift to the right is indicative of decreased affinity, meaning O2 is being released to tissues
Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen, prevents oxygen on Hb from being released, and is diffusion limited
A shift to the left is indicative of decreased Hb affinity for O2, meaning O2 is being released to tissues
Disolved CO2 gas in blood can be detected by the aortic body
Which of the following is correct regarding voluntary and involuntary control of breathing?
The limbic system's effect on respiration is involuntary and based on emotional state
The cortex is associated with voluntary breathing
The dorsal respiratory group is associated with expiration, the ventral with inspiration
The Pre-Botzinger complex sets the rhythm
The apneuistic center is excitatory and the pneumotaxic center is inhibitory
Emphysema versus Fibrosis
Emphysema causes increased compliance through destruction of elastic fibers due to inflammation
Fibrosis is a reduction in compliance due to increased connective tissues.
Smoking can cause both emphysema and fibrosis
Emphysema leads to left side heart failure
MMPs, free radicals and elastase cause the tissue damage seen in emphysema
Which of the following is/are true about atelectasis and pneumonia?
Atelectasis is an airway obstruction from collapsed alveoli
Pneumonia is caused by infection at the alveoli causing fluid build up which reduces gas exchange
Pneumonia has the greater O2 saturation between the two
Atelectasis is caused by insufficient surfactant and causes decreased blood flow
Atelectasis has the greater O2 saturation between the two
Which of the following is/are true regarding the chemoreceptors?
The central chemoreceptors are located on the dorsal side of the medulla and senses H+
The central chemoreceptors are associated with the vagus nerve
The aortic body reacts faster than the carotid body
The aortic body detects and responds to changes in pO2, pCO2, temperature, and pH
The aortic body is more involved in normoxia than the carotid body
Which of the following could you treat with oxygen therapy?
Atmospheric hypoxia
Emphysema
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Athsma
