The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, the intercostal nerve innervates the inner intercostal muscles

In inspiration, the diaphragm moves down and outward to flatten at the bottom.

In expiration the ribs rise.

Exhalation is passive in part because of lung tissue elasticity

Compliance and elasticity have an inverse relationship

It is made of DPPC, a collagen-like glycoprotein

It is secreted by alveolar type 1 cells

It is meant to increase surface tension of alveoli to prevent collapse

In the absence of surfactant, smaller alveoli would collapse and larger alveoli would continuously expand

It increases compliance

There is turbulence in the upper airways but laminar flow in the lower airways

Gravity affects blood causing greater blood pressure at the base of the lungs resulting in decreased flow but increased O2 perfusion

Cells between the pharynx and bronchioles are ciliated to prevent particles from reaching the tissues of gas exchange

Cells of the nasal cavity, larynx, and true vocal folds are all stratified squamous epithelium but only the nasal cavity is keratinized

Club/Clara cells can be found in the bronchi

Most of the CO2 is bound to hemoglobin

A shift to the right is indicative of decreased affinity, meaning O2 is being released to tissues

Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen, prevents oxygen on Hb from being released, and is diffusion limited

A shift to the left is indicative of decreased Hb affinity for O2, meaning O2 is being released to tissues

Disolved CO2 gas in blood can be detected by the aortic body

The limbic system's effect on respiration is involuntary and based on emotional state

The cortex is associated with voluntary breathing

The dorsal respiratory group is associated with expiration, the ventral with inspiration

The Pre-Botzinger complex sets the rhythm

The apneuistic center is excitatory and the pneumotaxic center is inhibitory

Emphysema causes increased compliance through destruction of elastic fibers due to inflammation

Fibrosis is a reduction in compliance due to increased connective tissues.

Smoking can cause both emphysema and fibrosis

Emphysema leads to left side heart failure

MMPs, free radicals and elastase cause the tissue damage seen in emphysema

Atelectasis is an airway obstruction from collapsed alveoli

Pneumonia is caused by infection at the alveoli causing fluid build up which reduces gas exchange

Pneumonia has the greater O2 saturation between the two

Atelectasis is caused by insufficient surfactant and causes decreased blood flow

Atelectasis has the greater O2 saturation between the two

The central chemoreceptors are located on the dorsal side of the medulla and senses H+

The central chemoreceptors are associated with the vagus nerve

The aortic body reacts faster than the carotid body

The aortic body detects and responds to changes in pO2, pCO2, temperature, and pH

The aortic body is more involved in normoxia than the carotid body

Atmospheric hypoxia

Emphysema

Hypoventilation

Hyperventilation

Athsma