A& P Test #3 - 6.28

Question 1 of 170

1

❌ is the quantity of blood pumped each minute into the aorta by the heart.

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Cardiac output

Venous return

Cardiac index

Peripheral resistance

Explanation

Question 2 of 170

1

❌ is the quantity of blood flowing from the veins into the right atrium (RA) each minute.

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Venous return

Cardiac output

Cardiac index

Stroke volume

Explanation

Question 3 of 170

1

VR and CO must ❌ each other except for a few heartbeats at a time when blood is temporarily stored in or removed from the heart and lungs.

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be less than

be greater than

equal

add to

Explanation

Question 4 of 170

1

Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?

Select one of the following:

Basal metabolic rate
Gender
Age
Body habitus
Increased energy requirements (exercise)

Explanation

Question 5 of 170

1

Cardiac Index = ❌ / ❌

m2 = ❌

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CO

Stroke volume

m2

Venous return

Body Surface Area

Explanation

Question 6 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The average CO for a resting adult is liters/minute

The average CI for a resting adult is liters/minute/m2

Explanation

Question 7 of 170

1

At what age is a person's cardiac function the highest?

Select one of the following:

10
20
30
40

Explanation

Question 8 of 170

1

Peripheral circulatory factors that affect the flow of blood from the veins into the heart provide the primary control of CO.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 9 of 170

1

Blood flow does not increase in proportion to each tissue's metabolism.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 10 of 170

1

If arterial BP is constant, long-term CO will typically have an ❌ relationship to total peripheral resistance.

This is a form of ❌ law.

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inverse

proportional

Ohm's

Reynold's

Frank-Starling

Explanation

Question 11 of 170

1

The Frank-Starling law states that the ❌ of the heart increases in response to an an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.

Another way to state this: a large volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood will stretch the walls of the heart, causing a greater expansion during diastole, which in turn increases the force of the contraction and thus the quantity of blood that is pumped into the aorta during diastole. The increased volume of blood stretches the ventricular wall, causing cardiac muscle to contract more forcefully.

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cardiac output

cardiac index

stroke volume

Explanation

Question 12 of 170

1

According to the Frank-Starling curve, the normal heart can pump an amount of venous return up to what times the normal venous return before the heart becomes a limiting factor in the control of cardiac output?

Select one of the following:

2
2.5
3
3.5

Explanation

Question 13 of 170

1

Sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition can significantly increase heart rate and contractility. The result of this combination is known as what kind of heart?

Select one of the following:

Effective
Hypoeffective
Hypereffective
Optimized

Explanation

Question 14 of 170

1

A number of factors can lead to a hypoeffective heart. Examples include increased arterial pressure (afterload), due to hypertension, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Select other causes of the hypoeffective heart.

Select one or more of the following:

Sympathetic nervous system inhibition
Sympathetic nervous system excitation
Pathological dysrhythmias
Acute coronary syndrome

Explanation

Question 15 of 170

1

The nervous system is instrumental in maintaining arterial blood pressure when peripheral blood vessels are ❌ and venous return and CO ❌.

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dilated

constricted

increase

decrease

stay the same

Explanation

Question 16 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Fill in the blanks for the following:
Intense exercise ( increases, decreases ) SNS outflow, causing large vein ( constriction, dilation ), and ( increase, decrease ) in heart rate and an ( increase, decrease ) in contractility.

Explanation

Question 17 of 170

1

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Beriberi disease leads to a manifestation of insufficient dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine). The results of auto-regulatory compensation ( increases, decreases, maintains ) cardiac output.

Explanation

Question 18 of 170

1

Select the other pathologic states that increase cardiac output:

Select one or more of the following:

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Anemia

Explanation

Question 19 of 170

1

Conditions that produce low CO generally fall into one of two categories:

1. Abnormalities that ❌ the pumping effectiveness of the heart.

2. Abnormalities that cause venous return to ❌.

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reduce

increase

fall too low

become too high

Explanation

Question 20 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

is the most common non-cardiac peripheral factor that decreases venous return.

Explanation

Question 21 of 170

1

Non-cardiac factors that decrease cardiac output due to decreased venous return include:

Select one of the following:

Obstruction of the large veins
Decreased tissue mass
Arteriovenous Fistula
Hypothyroidism

Explanation

Question 22 of 170

1

The two primary factors that must be evaluated in the quantitative analysis of CO regulation are:

Select one or more of the following:

The pumping ability of the heart (cardiac output)
The heart's end-diastolic volume (preload)
Venous return curves
The pressure on the wall of the left ventricle during ejection (afterload)

Explanation

Question 23 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The normal external pressure on the heart is equal to the normal pressure (which is -4 mmHg).

Explanation

Question 24 of 170

1

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A shift to the ( right, left ) reflects the increase RA pressure that will be required to fill the cardiac chambers to offset the ( increase, decrease ) in external pressure.

Explanation

Question 25 of 170

1

Select the following factors that can shift the CO curve:

Select one or more of the following:

Cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure during respiration
Breathing against a negative pressure
Positive pressure breathing
Opening the thoracic cage
Cardiac tamponade

Explanation

Question 26 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Principle factors that affect VR to the heart from the systemic circulation:
◦ 1.
 Exerts a backward force on the veins to impede
flow of blood from the veins into the RA
◦ 2. The degree of filling of the
 Measured by the mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) which forces the systemic blood toward the heart.

Explanation

Question 27 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

is the abbreviation for mean systemic filling pressure.

Explanation

Question 28 of 170

1

The principle factor that affects Venous Return to the heart from the systemic circulation is resistance to blood flow between the peripheral vessels and the RA.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 29 of 170

1

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The normal venous return curve demonstrates that if the pumping ability of the heart decreases, the RA pressure will ( rise, fall, stay the same ), and the backward force of this rising pressure on the systemic vasculature will ( decrease, increase ) VR.

Explanation

Question 30 of 170

1

Without compensatory ANS reflexes, VR decreases to zero when the RA pressure rises to what number in mmHg?

Select one of the following:

4
5
6
7

Explanation

Question 31 of 170

1

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When both arterial and venous pressure flow in the systemic circulation ( ceases, increases, decreases ).

Explanation

Question 32 of 170

1

Most of the resistance to venous return occurs where?

Select one of the following:

Arterioles
Veins
Smaller arteries

Explanation

Question 33 of 170

1

Select what can compensate in resistance to venous return:

Select one or more of the following:

`small artery
aorta
arterioles
venuoles

Explanation

Question 34 of 170

1

What is another word for preload?

Select one of the following:

End-diastolic pressure
Venous return
Afterload

Explanation

Question 35 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Regardless of the chamber, the is related to the chamber volume just prior to contraction.

Explanation

Question 36 of 170

1

Factors that increase preload include all except the following:

Select one of the following:

Increased venous return
Decreased venous compliance
Decreased thoracic blood volume
Increased thoracic blood volume

Explanation

Question 37 of 170

1

What is the pressure within the thoracic space between the organs (lungs, heart, vena cava) and the chest wall?

Select one of the following:

intrapleural pressure (Ppl)
Preload
Pulmonary filling pressure
intrarterial pressure

Explanation

Question 38 of 170

1

❌ has to do with venous return because the one-way valves in the veins of the legs and arms are instrumental in directing blood flow away from the limbs and towards the heart.

Veins within large skeletal muscle groups also undergo compression as muscles contract and decompress as the muscles relax.

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Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Explanation

Question 39 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The Oxygen Fick Method, indicator dilution method, echocardiography, and ventriculogram are all methods of measuring .

Explanation

Question 40 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The Oxygen Fick Principle states that:
(L/min) = 02 absorbed per minute by the lungs (mL/min) / arteriovenous 02 difference (mL/L of blood)

Explanation

Question 41 of 170

1

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Place in order the electrical pathways of the heart.

( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) AV node

( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) SA node

( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) Internodal pathway

( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) Left and right bundles of Purkinje fibers

Explanation

Question 42 of 170

1

Identify the pace of each area of the heart.

SA Node: ❌

AV Node: ❌

Purkinje Fibers: ❌

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70 - 80 BPM

40 - 60 BPM

15 - 40 BPM

Explanation

Question 43 of 170

1

Heart muscle _________________.

Select one of the following:

is single-nucleated
lacks gap junctions
is syncytial
lacks striations

Explanation

Question 44 of 170

1

❌ (where normal rhythmical impulse is generated) -> ❌ (conduct impulse from SA node to AV node) -> ❌ (delays impulse from atria to ventricles) -> ❌ (conducts impulse from atria to ventricles) -> Right & Left Bundle branches of Purkinje fibers (conduct impulse to ALL parts of the ❌)

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Internodal Pathways

Sinus Node

AV Node

AV Bundle

ventricles

Explanation

Question 45 of 170

1

There are almost no contractile fibers in the SA node.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 46 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The SA node is located in the of the right atrium, slightly below and lateral to the opening of the .

Explanation

Question 47 of 170

1

Which of the following is NOT a type of cardiac muscle ion channel?

Select one of the following:

Fast sodium channels
L-type calcium channels
Ligand-gated calcium channels
Potassium channels

Explanation

Question 48 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The SA node has depolarization.

Explanation

Question 49 of 170

1

Select the membrane potential for the SA node.

Select one of the following:

-40 to -50
-30 to -40
-60 to -70
-55 to -60

Explanation

Question 50 of 170

1

At what membrane threshold potential do slow Na-Ca channels to open up?

Select one of the following:

-30 mV
-40 mV
-50 mV
-60 mV

Explanation

Question 51 of 170

1

Place what is happening in the SA node with its appropriate location.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Slow depolarization due to Na & Ca leak.

Na-Ca channels open.

K channels open during repolarization

Explanation

Question 52 of 170

1

Match the channels with the appropriate description:

❌
Rapid depolarizing phase of AP
• Atrial and ventricular muscle & in Purkinje fibers • (inactive at -55)

❌ inherent leakiness of the SA node is responsible for self-excitation

❌
Responsible for repolarizing phase of AP in
ALL cardiomyocytes

❌ •Depolarizing phase of AP
• SA node and AV node
• Also triggers contractions in all cardiomyocytes

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I na (Fast Na Channels)

Slow Na Current:

K+ Current Ik

Ca2+ current(ICa)

Explanation

Question 53 of 170

1

•❌ to cause AP (leaky Na+ & Ca channels) -> Recovery from AP (K+ channels open) -> ❌ after AP is over (K+ channels remain open) -> Drift of the "Resting" Potential to ❌ (leaky Na+ & Ca channels) -> ❌ to elicit another cycle

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Self-excitation

Hyperpolarization

Threshold

Re-excitation

Explanation

Question 54 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The of the sinus nodal fibers to sodium and calcium ions causes their self-excitation.

Explanation

Question 55 of 170

1

The SA node has no true resting potential.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 56 of 170

1

Click on each orange point and select the correct answer.

Label the contractile cell or autorhythmic cell.

Explanation

Question 57 of 170

1

Assign the appropriate label to what is happening in the ventricular myocyte.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Na channels open

Na channels close

Ca channels open; fast K channels close

Ca channels close; slow K channels open

Resting potential

Explanation

Question 58 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Anterior interartrial band carries impulses to left atrium.

Explanation

Question 59 of 170

1

The delay in the AV node is:

Select one of the following:

0.04 seconds
0.09 seconds
0.10 seconds
.20 seconds

Explanation

Question 60 of 170

1

The delay in the AV bundle is:

Select one of the following:

.04
0.09
0.10
0.14

Explanation

Question 61 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The total delay in AV node/AV bundle system is seconds.

Explanation

Question 62 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid valve

Explanation

Question 63 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The Bundle branches and then divide into extensive system of

Explanation

Question 64 of 170

1

Transmission time between A-V bundles and
fibers is:

Select one of the following:

0.04 seconds
0.10 seconds
0.90 seconds
0.06 seconds

Explanation

Question 65 of 170

1

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The Purkinje fibers transmit impulses ( faster, slower ) than other fibers.

Explanation

Question 66 of 170

1

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The Purkinje fibers are ( larger, smaller ) than ventricular muscle fibers.

Explanation

Question 67 of 170

1

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The Purkinje fibers have ( high, low ) levels of permeability of the gap junctions between successive cells in the conducting pathways.

Explanation

Question 68 of 170

1

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The is the pacemaker

Explanation

Question 69 of 170

1

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SA node discharges both the AV node & Purkinje fibers ( after, during, before ) either of these can undergo self-excitation.

Explanation

Question 70 of 170

1

Select the resting membrane potential of the ventricular muscle cell.

Select one of the following:

-55 to -60
-85 to -90
-100 to -110
40 to 60

Explanation

Question 71 of 170

1

What doesn't happen when the AV node is blocked?

Select one of the following:

Impulse can’t get past atria to ventricles
Atria continue beating at normal SA node rate and rhythm
New pacemaker in Purkinje system takes over driving ventricular contraction 15 to 40 bpm
New pacemaker is Bachman Bundle, which takes over driving the ventricular contraction.

Explanation

Question 72 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Sudden AV block: Delay in pickup of the heart beat is the “” syndrome

Explanation

Question 73 of 170

1

❌ (vagal) activation decreases conduction velocity (negative ❌) at the AV node
• Decreases slope of Phase ❌
• leads to ❌ depolarization of adjacent cells, and reduced velocity of conduction

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Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

dromotropy

inotropy

0

3

4

slower

faster

Explanation

Question 74 of 170

1

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Parasympathetic fibers in the heart are ( nicotinic, muscarinic ).

Explanation

Question 75 of 170

1

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Acetylcholine released by nerve
• Binds to cardiac c receptors
• intracellular cAMP

Explanation

Question 76 of 170

1

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( Vagal, Adrenergic, Sympathetic ) stimulation releases acetylcholine. This goes to muscarinic receptors that decrease cAMP. This causes increased K permeability, which decreases transmission of impulses. Ventricular escape occurs.

Explanation

Question 77 of 170

1

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increases the vagal activity to the heart.

Explanation

Question 78 of 170

1

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Sympathetic nerves release ( norepinephrine, aCH, cAMP ).

Explanation

Question 79 of 170

1

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( Sympathetic, Parasympathetic ) activation increases conduction velocity in the AV node • Rate of depolarization increased
• i.e. slope of Phase ( 0, 3, 4 ) increase
• Leads to more rapiddepolarization of adjacent cellsàmore rapid conduction of action
potentials
• ( Positive, Negative ) dromotropy

Explanation

Question 80 of 170

1

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Normal delay of conduction thru AV node reducedàtime between
atrial and ventricular contraction reduced
• Increase in AV conduction velocity manifests as ( decrease, increase ) in P-R interval on EKG

Explanation

Question 81 of 170

1

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is a beta blocker that's metabolized in the blood.

Explanation

Question 82 of 170

1

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Parasympathetic Nerves
• Releases ( acetylcholine, norepinephrine )
• Binds to ( muscarinic, nicotinic )
• ( Decreases, Increases ) conductivity of K and ( decreases, increases ) conductivity of Ca2+
• ( Decreases, Increases ) heart rate of rhythm and excitability of AV junctional fibers and AV node
• Excitatory signals are no longer transmitted into the ventricles.

Explanation

Question 83 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

SympatheticNerves
• Releases ( acetylcholine, norepinephrine ) at
sympathetic endings.
• Binds to ( β1, β2 ) receptors
• ( Decreases, Increases ) the rate of sinus nodal discharge.
• ( Decreases, Increases ) the overall heart activity.
• ( Decreases, Increases ) the permeability of Na+ and Ca2+ ions.

Explanation

Question 84 of 170

1

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Phase 0 is .

Explanation

Question 85 of 170

1

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Conduction velocity is altered by:
Sympathetic stimulation (( decreases, increases ))
Vagal stimulation (( decreases, increases ))
Ischemia/Hypoxia: ( decreases, increases )
Drugs (adrenergic and cholinergic): increase or decrease

Explanation

Question 86 of 170

1

Label the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activations appropriately.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Sympathetic

Vagal/Parasympathetic

Explanation

Question 87 of 170

1

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Key Difference in Pacemaker Cell AP

•The higher the slope of Phase ( 0, 3, 4 ), the higher the rate
•Vagal stimulation ( slows, speeds ) phase 4 depolarization
•Rate slows •Catecholamines speed it up

Explanation

Question 88 of 170

1

Essentially/primary hypertension is ❌ percent of cases.

Secondary/demonstrable causes are ❌ percent of cases.

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95

5

Explanation

Question 89 of 170

1

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and H2O retention is the final common pathway shared by all of these etiologies; Interplay of these 2 determined by kidneys

Explanation

Question 90 of 170

1

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Extracellular fluid volume increases, then arterial pressure ( decreases, increases )
• increase in arterial pressure, then the kidneys to ( lose, retain ) Na+ and water then returns arterial BP to return to normal

Explanation

Question 91 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The depicts the effect of increasing arterial BP on urinary output (UOP).

Explanation

Question 92 of 170

1

Fill in the blanks for the renal function curve.

• ❌ mm Hg = UOP = 0
• ❌ mm Hg = normal UOP
• ❌ mm Hg = 6-8 times normal

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50

100

150

200

Explanation

Question 93 of 170

1

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Over time, output must = intake
• The point at which this occurs is where the two lines intersect is known as the .
• The equilibrium point tends to be at an arterial BP of mm Hg

Explanation

Question 94 of 170

1

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If arterial BP ( decreases, increases ) then the loss of H2O and Na+ will be greater than the intake → a ( decrease, increase ) in fluid volume and BP will ( decrease, increase ) until the arterial pressure falls exactly back to the equilibrium point

Explanation

Question 95 of 170

1

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If arterial BP falls below the equilibrium point, intake of Na+ and H2O will be ( greater, less ) than the output → an ( decrease, increase ) in fluid volume and BP until the arterial pressure returns exactly back to the equilibrium point

Explanation

Question 96 of 170

1

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This equilibrium point for the kidneys will occur as long as (1) of salt and water and (2) of salt and water remain in balance

Explanation

Question 97 of 170

1

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2 primary ways to change long-term arterial pressure levels
• Shifting of the renal output curve to a different pressure
• Changing level of and Na+ intake

Explanation

Question 98 of 170

1

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can cause the renal output curve and equilibrium point to shift to the right.

Explanation

Question 99 of 170

1

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As the intake of water/salt
( decreases, increases ), the equilibrium point shifts to the right (160 mm Hg)
• If there were a ( decrease, increase ) in water/salt intake, the equilibrium point and the arterial BP would also decrease

Explanation

Question 100 of 170

1

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Effect of Total Peripheral Resistance TPR

Acutely, if TPR ( decreases, increases ), arterial BP ( decreases, increases )
• Arterial pressure = CO x TPR

Explanation

Question 101 of 170

1

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If renal vascular resistance (RVR) is NOT affected (i.e., increased when TPR is increased), then the equilibrium point for BP ( will, will not ) change

Explanation

Question 102 of 170

1

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Changes in TPR do not typically affect the ( long-term, short-term ) arterial pressure level

Explanation

Question 103 of 170

1

Which of the following conditions does NOT have a long-term effect on TPR and therefore equilibrium point.

Select one of the following:

Beriberi
AV shunts
Pulmonary disease
Paget's disease
Diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism

Explanation

Question 104 of 170

1

An increase in TPR without any change in renal resistance would:

Select one of the following:

Transiently increase arterial pressure
Transiently increase sodium and water excretion
Decrease extracellular fluid (ECF)
All of the above

Explanation

Question 105 of 170

1

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autoregulation— blood volume has ( decreased, increased ) then tissue blood flow ( decreases, increases ) throughout body; ( constricts, vasodilates ) blood vessels everywhere

Explanation

Question 106 of 170

1

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As Na+ intake increases, two things happen:
• ECF osmolality ( decreases, increases ) → stimulation of the thirst center to drink more water to return the ECF salt concentration to normal
• This excess water intake → ↑ ECFV
• The increased osmolality also stimulates the release of ( ADH, Angiotensin, Aldosterone ) → kidney reabsorption of H2O → ↑ ECFV

Explanation

Question 107 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The first stage in a volume-loading hypertension is an increase in . The reduction in total peripheral resistance is more related to a effect.

The initial increase in BP is the result of the rise in CO.

Explanation

Question 108 of 170

1

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2nd stage – • HTN exists
• CO returns to near • At same time TPR
occurs

Explanation

Question 109 of 170

1

Which of the following doesn't happen several weeks following initial-onset volume loading?

Select one of the following:

Hypertension
Significant increase in TPR
Nearly complete return of ECFV, BV, and CO back to normal.
Significant decrease in TPR.

Explanation

Question 110 of 170

1

Angiotensinogen-converting enzyme (ACE) lives mostly in where?

Select one of the following:

Liver
Lungs
Kidneys
Heart

Explanation

Question 111 of 170

1

Where is renin mostly made and stored?

Select one of the following:

Liver
Lungs
Kidneys
Heart

Explanation

Question 112 of 170

1

Which enzyme in the blood and tissues inactivates angiotensin II?

Select one of the following:

Angiotensin I
Renin
Angiotensinases
Aldosterone

Explanation

Question 113 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Angiotensin Effect on Retention of Salt/Water By Kidneys

1. Direct renal effects
• Renal arteriole
• Less blood flow thru kidneysàless fluid filtered thru glomeruli into the tubules
• Slowedbloodflowresultsinlessperitubularcapillariespressureàrapidreabsorption of fluid from tubules
• Act directly on tubular cells to#tubular of sodium & water

Explanation

Question 114 of 170

1

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causes aldosterone secretion by adrenal glands
• Results in significant in sodium reabsorption by renal tubules then H2Oretention, which leads to in fluid volume and an increase in BP

Explanation

Question 115 of 170

1

Which of the following does not increase renal excretion of Na and water-increasing BP?

Select one of the following:

Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Sympathetic nervous system
Endothelin

Explanation

Question 116 of 170

1

Factors that decrease renal excretion of Na & Water to increase BP:
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌

Factors that Increase Renal Excretion of Na and Water, Reducing Blood Pressure
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌

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Aldosterone

Angiotensin II

Endothelin

Sympathetic nervous system

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Dopamine

Nitric oxide

Explanation

Question 117 of 170

1

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Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from the .

Explanation

Question 118 of 170

1

❌
• Constricts renal arteriolesàless blood flow to kidneys
• Stimulates aldosterone secretionàincreases Na+ reabsorption
• Directly stimulates Na+ reabsorption in proximal tubules, loops of Henle, distal tubules and collecting tubules
❌
• secreted by adrenal glands
• Sodium reabsorption which is followed by water reabsorption
• ❌
• Constricts renal arterioles, reducing GFR; low levels of SNS activation acts on
alpha receptors on renal tubular cells increasing Na reabsorption; also stimulates release of renin and AGII formation
• ❌
• Amino peptide in endothelial cells released in response to vessel trauma • Intense vasoconstriction

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Angiotensin II

• Aldosterone

Sympathetic nervous activity

Endothelin

Explanation

Question 119 of 170

1

❌
¤ Causes decreased Na and H2O
reabsorptionà#UOPàreturn blood volume to normalà$BP
̈❌
¤Vasodilator
¤ Basal level of NO in kidneys, helps
maintain renal vasodilation allowing normal renal excretion of salt/water
̈❌
¤ At low doses, stimulates dopamine-
1 receptors
nCause renal vessel vasodilation nStimulates natriuresis

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Atrial natriuretic peptide

Nitric oxide

Dopamine

Explanation

Question 120 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Use the dropdown to choose the appropriate stage in the cardiac cycle:
( Diastole, Systole ): Muscle re-establishing Na/K/Ca gradient

( Diastole, Systole ): Contraction of muscle & ejection of blood from chambers

( Diastole, Systole ): Muscle stimulated by action potential

( Diastole, Systole ): Relaxation of muscle & filling chambers with blood

Explanation

Question 121 of 170

1

Drag and drop to the appropriate location on the cardiac cycle:

❌: Also known as the atrial wave, represents the spread of depolarization

❌: Ventricle depolarization

❌: Ventricular repolarization

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P-wave

QRS

T-wave

Explanation

Question 122 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Choose if the following descriptions match the atria or the ventricles:

( Atria, Ventricles ): Contraction enhances ventricular filling.

( Atria, Ventricles ): Blood flows from the RV and LV into the pulmonary artery and aorta

( Atria, Ventricles ): Blood flows from the IVC and SVC

Explanation

Question 123 of 170

1

True or false: The amount of blood pumped out of the RV will always equal the amount of blood pumped out of the LV.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 124 of 170

1

The fullest the ventricle will be is the end diastolic volume (EDV). This number is what?

Select one of the following:

40 to 50 mL
50 to 100 mL
110 to 120 mL
150 to 200 mL

Explanation

Question 125 of 170

1

The emptiest the ventricle will be is the end systolic volume (ESV). What number is this?

Select one of the following:

40 to 50 mL
50 to 100 mL
100 to 150 mL
150 to 200 mL

Explanation

Question 126 of 170

1

The comparison of the end diastolic volume to the end systolic volume is what?

Select one of the following:

Total peripheral resistance
Pulmonary filling pressure
Ejection fraction or stroke volume
Arterial pressure

Explanation

Question 127 of 170

1

The average ejection fraction in a healthy adult is what?

Select one of the following:

30 percent
40 percent
50 percent
60 percent

Explanation

Question 128 of 170

1

Select the two factors that can change the EDV and the ESV.

Select one or more of the following:

Strength of contraction
Increases in diastolic filling

Explanation

Question 129 of 170

1

Drag and drop the appropriate part of the heart to the area it works.

❌: Deoxygenated blood from RA

❌: Deoxygenated blood from IVC and SVC

❌: Oxygenated blood from LA

❌: Oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation

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Right Ventricle (RV)

Right Atrium (RA)

Left Ventricle (LV)

Left Atrium (LA)

Explanation

Question 130 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The atrium is the ( stronger, weaker ) pump of the heart.

The ( left, right ) ventricle sends blood to the pulmonary circulation.

The ( left, right ) ventricle sends blood to the peripheral circulation.

Explanation

Question 131 of 170

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Name the three types of cardiac muscle in alphabetical order:

muscle

/ conductive muscle

muscle

Explanation

Question 132 of 170

1

Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Select one of the following:

Striations
Actin and myosin filaments
Low-Resistance intercalated disks

Explanation

Question 133 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Heart muscle is a of many heart muscle cells. When one cell becomes excited the action potential spreads to all of them

Explanation

Question 134 of 170

1

Identify the three characteristics of cardiac muscle and how an impulse travels.

❌

❌

❌

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Autorhythmic cell

Nerve

Gap junction

Neuromuscular junction

Contractile cell

Muscle cell

Explanation

Question 135 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated by the ( SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers ).

Explanation

Question 136 of 170

1

Action Potentials:

The resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle is ❌.

The action potential of cardiac muscle is ❌ millivolts.

The plateau lasts ❌ seconds in ventricular muscle -- much longer than skeletal muscle.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

-85 to -95

-100 to -120

-60 to -70

105

120

95

0.2 to 0.3

0.3 to 0.4

0.5 to 0.7

Explanation

Question 137 of 170

1

Which of the following is responsible for the influx of intracellular calcium in cardiac muscle?

Select one of the following:

Intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum
Activation of the dihydropridene (DHP) channels
Activation of the ligand-gated channels
Passive sodium flow

Explanation

Question 138 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

In cardiac muscle, after the outflow of K+ ions during an action potential (AP), the permeability to K+ ions ( decreases, increases ) tremendously.

This prevents the early return of the AP voltage to its resting level.

Explanation

Question 139 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Action potentials of the cardiac cell is much ( longer, shorter ) than the AP of the nerve cell.

Explanation

Question 140 of 170

1

Label the portions of the ventricular muscle action potential:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Fast Na channels open, then slow Ca chan

K channels open

Ca channels open more

K channels open more

Resting membrane potential

Explanation

Question 141 of 170

1

Put the steps of rapid depolarization of a cardiac cell in order:

❌

❌

❌ and ❌

❌

❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Rapid change membrane pot. from + to -

Voltage pauses above 0 mV level

Membrane potential inc. to Na

dec to K

Begins absolute refractory period

Cardiac muscle can't be excited again.

Explanation

Question 142 of 170

1

Put the steps of initial re-polarization in order for cardiac muscle:

1. ❌

2. ❌

3. ❌

4. ❌

5. ❌.

6. ❌ channels.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Movement of Na into cells STOPS

Sodium gates close

C enters cell.

K leaves cell.

When Na stops, voltage begins to decline

SLOW influx of Ca begins via slow Ca

Explanation

Question 143 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

SA node action potential has ( fewer, more, the same amount ) phases than other cardiac muscle types.

Explanation

Question 144 of 170

1

Place in order the phases of the SA node.

Phase 0: ❌

Phase 3: ❌

Phase 4: ❌ & intrinsic ❌ depolarization.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Na & Ca influx

K efflux

Progressively slowed K efflux

Na influx leak causes spontaneous

Explanation

Question 145 of 170

1

❌ During this time, the cardiac muscle cannot be re-excited.

❌ Cell can be excited, but the signal must be very strong. Example is an early or "premature" contraction.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Refractory period:

Relative refractory period:

Explanation

Question 146 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Cardiac T-tubules are five times ( larger, smaller ) than skeletal muscle T-tubules.

Explanation

Question 147 of 170

1

Excess Ca causes ❌.

Low Ca causes ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

spastic contraction

cardiac dilation

Explanation

Question 148 of 170

1

Atrioventricular (AV) valves allow blood flow in one direction FROM atria to ventricle.

❌: Between RA & RV

❌ Between LA & LV

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve:

Explanation

Question 149 of 170

1

The semilunar valves are the outlet valves of the ventricles. They provide blood from each ventricle into large outflow tract vessel.

❌: Between RV & Pulmonary artery

❌: Between LV & aorta

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Explanation

Question 150 of 170

1

Label the parts of the Atrial Pressure Wave:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Atrial Contraction

Ventricular contraction (AV valves bulge

flow of blood into the atria

Explanation

Question 151 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Diastole

-Isovolumic relaxation
-A-V valves ( close, open )
-Rapid inflow of blood
-Diastasis
-Slow flow into ventricle
-Atrial systole
-Extra blood in following P wave.
-Accounts for 20-25 % of filling

Explanation

Question 152 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Systole
1. Isovolumic contraction
2. A-V valves ( close, open )
ventricular press>atrial press
3. Aortic valve opens
4. Ejection phase
5. Aortic valve closes

Explanation

Question 153 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Aortic Pressure Curve

1. Aortic pressure starts to ( decrease, increase ) during systole after the aortic valve opens

2. Aortic pressure ( decreases, increases ) toward the end of the ejection phase.
3. Aftertheaorticvalvecloses,an incisura occurs because of sudden cessation of back-flow toward left ventricle.
4. Aortic pressure ( decreases, increases ) slowly during diastole because of the elasticity of the aorta.

Explanation

Question 154 of 170

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

= (SV/EDV) x 100

Explanation

Question 155 of 170

1

Compute the following to calculate ejection fraction:

EDV = 150
End-Systolic Volume = 50

Select one of the following:

55%
60%
67%
70%

Explanation

Question 156 of 170

1

If heart rate is 70 and stroke volume is 70, what is the cardiac output?

Select one of the following:

3.5 L/min
4 L/min
4.9 L/min
6 L/min

Explanation

Question 157 of 170

1

The normal value for ejection fraction is ❌ percent.

An EF less than ❌ percent is associated with significant left ventricular impairment.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

60 to 70

50 to 60

40 to 60

40

50

30

Explanation

Question 158 of 170

1

Select the normal valve area for the Aortic valve.

Select one of the following:

1.5 to 3.0
2.5 to 4.5
3 to 5
4 to 6

Explanation

Question 159 of 170

1

What is the normal valve area for the mitral valve?

Select one of the following:

2.5 to 4.5
3 to 5
1 to 3
4 to 6

Explanation

Question 160 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Mean Pressure Gradient (mmHg)
1. Aortic <( 5, 3, 2 )
2. Mitral <( 5, 3, 2 )

Explanation

Question 161 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Because of smaller opening, velocity through aortic & pulmonary valves ( exceed, are less than ) that through the A-V valves.

Explanation

Question 162 of 170

1

Label the ventricular pressure/volume loops.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Mitral Valve (MV) Closes

Aortic Valve (AV) Opens

Aortic Valve Closes

Mitral Valve Opens

Stroke Volume (70mL)

End Systolic Volume (50mL)

End diastolic volume (120 mL)

Afterload

Preload

Explanation

Question 163 of 170

1

Know these key points from Ray's powerpoint.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Systole begins, diastole ends

Systole ends, Diastole begins

Explanation

Question 164 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Increased contractility ( decreases, increases ) stroke volume.

Explanation

Question 165 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Increased preload ( decreases, increases ) stroke volume.

Explanation

Question 166 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Increased afterload ( decreases, increases ) stroke volume.

Explanation

Question 167 of 170

1

Increasing the arterial pressure in the aorta does not decrease the CO until the MAP rises above what?

Select one of the following:

80
100
120
160

Explanation

Question 168 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Frank-Starling Law

Intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood

Greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the ( greater, lesser ) force of contraction, the greater amt of blood pumped to aorta

Explanation

Question 169 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The Frank-Starling Relationship says that

( Decreased, Increased ) ventricular filling

( Decreased, Increased ) Preload

( Decreased, Increased ) LVEDP

( Decreased, Increased ) Stroke Volume

Explanation

Question 170 of 170

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

What are the ways to increase cardiac output?

( Decrease, Increase ) contractility

( Decrease, Increase ) preload

( Decrease, Increase ) after load

Change the rate

	Created by Rachel Nall about 8 years ago

Completed Chapters 20, 19, and 10 so far.

A& P Test #3 - 6.28

Question 1 of 170

❌ is the quantity of blood pumped each minute into the aorta by the heart.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 2 of 170

❌ is the quantity of blood flowing from the veins into the right atrium (RA) each minute.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 3 of 170

VR and CO must ❌ each other except for a few heartbeats at a time when blood is temporarily stored in or removed from the heart and lungs.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 4 of 170

Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 170

Cardiac Index = ❌ / ❌ m2 = ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 6 of 170

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The average CO for a resting adult is liters/minute The average CI for a resting adult is liters/minute/m2

Explanation

Question 7 of 170

At what age is a person's cardiac function the highest?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 170

Peripheral circulatory factors that affect the flow of blood from the veins into the heart provide the primary control of CO.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 170

Blood flow does not increase in proportion to each tissue's metabolism.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 170

If arterial BP is constant, long-term CO will typically have an ❌ relationship to total peripheral resistance. This is a form of ❌ law.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 11 of 170

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 12 of 170

According to the Frank-Starling curve, the normal heart can pump an amount of venous return up to what times the normal venous return before the heart becomes a limiting factor in the control of cardiac output?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 170

Sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition can significantly increase heart rate and contractility. The result of this combination is known as what kind of heart?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 170

A number of factors can lead to a hypoeffective heart. Examples include increased arterial pressure (afterload), due to hypertension, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Select other causes of the hypoeffective heart.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 170

The nervous system is instrumental in maintaining arterial blood pressure when peripheral blood vessels are ❌ and venous return and CO ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 16 of 170

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 17 of 170

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Beriberi disease leads to a manifestation of insufficient dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine). The results of auto-regulatory compensation increases decreases maintains( increases, decreases, maintains ) cardiac output.

Explanation

Question 18 of 170

Select the other pathologic states that increase cardiac output:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 170

Conditions that produce low CO generally fall into one of two categories: 1. Abnormalities that ❌ the pumping effectiveness of the heart. 2. Abnormalities that cause venous return to ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 20 of 170

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

is the most common non-cardiac peripheral factor that decreases venous return.

Explanation

Cardiac Index = ❌ / ❌

m2 = ❌

The average CO for a resting adult is liters/minute

The average CI for a resting adult is liters/minute/m2

If arterial BP is constant, long-term CO will typically have an ❌ relationship to total peripheral resistance.

This is a form of ❌ law.

Beriberi disease leads to a manifestation of insufficient dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine). The results of auto-regulatory compensation ( increases, decreases, maintains ) cardiac output.

Conditions that produce low CO generally fall into one of two categories:

1. Abnormalities that ❌ the pumping effectiveness of the heart.

2. Abnormalities that cause venous return to ❌.

A shift to the ( right, left ) reflects the increase RA pressure that will be required to fill the cardiac chambers to offset the ( increase, decrease ) in external pressure.

The normal venous return curve demonstrates that if the pumping ability of the heart decreases, the RA pressure will ( rise, fall, stay the same ), and the backward force of this rising pressure on the systemic vasculature will ( decrease, increase ) VR.

When both arterial and venous pressure flow in the systemic circulation ( ceases, increases, decreases ).