What does the first heart sound represent? What does it sound like?

What is the second heart sound? What does it sound like?

What is the third heart sound? What does it sound like?

What does a 3rd heart sound potentially indicate?

What does the fourth heart sound represent? What does it sound like?

What patients can you hear a fourth heart sound with?

What is the name of the condition that causes rheumatic fever?

What is the most damaged valve in rheumatic fever? The second-most damaged?

Name some causes of heart murmurs.

Choose from pressure/volume problems:
Stenotic lesions
Regurgitant/Insufficiency
lesions

What does an aortic stenosis murmur sound like?

What is the normal aortic valve area?

What is severe stenosis that would indicate the need for aortic valve replacement?

What is the triad associated with aortic stenosis?

What lesions are due to pressure overload? What kind of hypertrophy does this cause? How do the sarcomeres replicate?

What are the examples of volume overload lesions? Is this eccentric or concentric? How does it affect the sarcomeres?

How do AS and AR affect net stroke volume output?

What is a high-pitched, blowing murmur heard throughout systole?

Where is mitral regurgitation most heard?

What conditions can mitral regurgitation precipitate?

When is mitral stenosis heard?

What is the normal size for the mitral valve?

What are the effects of mitral stenosis?

How are cardiac output and MAP affected in mitral stenosis compared with aortic stenosis?

What are the effects of blood flow in mitral stenosis and regurgitation?