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Quiz on 1_Object Permanence, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.

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1_Object Permanence

Question 1 of 68

1

Which approach did Piaget (1936, 1953) subscribe to?

Select one of the following:

  • Constructivism

  • Behaviourism

  • Evolutionary

  • Biological

  • Sociological

Explanation

Question 2 of 68

1

When, according to Piaget (1936, 1953), do the first signs of object permanence appear in infants?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 3 of 68

1

According to Piaget's substages, when will an infant lift the cloth to search for a hidden toy?

Select one of the following:

  • Before 6 - 7 months

  • 6 - 7 months

  • 8 - 9 months

Explanation

Question 4 of 68

1

For Piaget, infants tend to consistently make the A-not-B error because they do not have a full understanding of object permanence yet. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 5 of 68

1

Identify one key criticism that can explain why infants consistently make the A-not-B error.

Select one of the following:

  • Ancillary deficits (e.g. attention, motor cortices, cognition)

  • Not yet developed full intelligence

  • Lack of self-confidence

  • Lack of resources

Explanation

Question 6 of 68

1

Invisible displacement is when objects are removed from the view of infants when they are not paying attention. This is often used to test their competency in object permanence and does not fully develop until substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old). Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 68

1

According to Piaget's substages, infants obtain full understanding of object permanence when infants can:

Select one of the following:

  • Understand invisible displacement

  • Can complete accurate A-B searching

  • Can represent stationary objects

  • At 12 months old

  • Understand both invisible displacement and mental representations

Explanation

Question 8 of 68

1

According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), object permanence research that uses occlusion only works when:

Select one of the following:

  • The object moves

  • The object remains still

  • The entire object is separated and moves in different directions

  • The entire object moves as one

Explanation

Question 9 of 68

1

The findings from Kellman and Spelke's (1983) experiment did little to challenge Piaget's substages. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 68

1

The Kellman and Spelke (1983) experiment challenge which theory?

Select one of the following:

  • Constructivism

  • Nativism

  • Behaviourism

  • All of them

  • None of them

Explanation

Question 11 of 68

1

Baillargeon (1985, 1987) found that object permanence exists in before infants are 6 months old. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 12 of 68

1

In Baillargeon's (1985, 1987) research, where was the focus of the infants predicated on?

Select one of the following:

  • The possible or control event (112 degrees)

  • The impossible event (180 degrees)

  • Neither, it was something else

  • She didn't talk about it

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 13 of 68

1

Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling (2000) countered Aguiar and Baillargeon's (1999) findings, by:

Select one of the following:

  • Questioning whether infants had object permanence, it was something else (e.g. novelty)

  • Questioning the ethics of the experiment

  • Questioning the ERPs of the infants when observing both the habituation and test phases

  • All of the above

  • They didn't actually question the research

Explanation

Question 14 of 68

1

Ruffman, Redman, and Slade (2005) investigated the anticipatory looking action done by infants when observing object permanence.

It counterargued Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling's (2000) understanding of previous research into object permanence at less than 6 months old.

They argued that:

Select one of the following:

  • Infants must anticipate what will happen next based on their (limited) understanding, so it cannot be novelty

  • Infants have the motor cognitions pre-birth to understand the basics of object permanence

  • Infants are a lot more understanding of concepts at a younger age than a lot of research tends to argue

  • They didn't argue

Explanation

Question 15 of 68

1

Ahmed and Ruffman (1998) investigated why infants make A-not-B errors in search tasks, but show memory for hidden object locations in non-search tasks. According to the findings, where were the infants' attention placed the most?

Select one of the following:

  • On the impossible (area A) location for the object

  • On the possible (area B) location for the object

Explanation

Question 16 of 68

1

What could be drawn from Ahmed and Ruffman's (1998) findings on the A-not-B search/non-search experiment?

Select one of the following:

  • Infants show some memory understanding of previous object locations

  • Infants still do not show memory understanding of previous object locations

  • Infants cannot infer where an object has previously been

  • The results were inconclusive

Explanation

Question 17 of 68

1

Some believe that infants do have an understanding of object permanence, however, other variables are too overpowering - such as ancillary deficits (e.g. memory, inhibition, means-end reasoning) - for it to be effective.

True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 68

1

Some believe that infants don't have understanding of object permanence, only partial. Looking and reaching activate two separate understandings of knowledge (explicit and implicit). Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 19 of 68

1

According to Munakta (1998), the concept of object permanence and graded representation comes in stages and becomes stronger as infants grow older. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 68

1

There is evidence to suggest that object permanence is innate. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 68

1

There is evidence to suggest that Piaget's theories on object permanence start earlier than he thought. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 68

1

According to the theoretical position that infants do not fully grasp object permanence, looking is:

Select one of the following:

  • An implicit area of knowledge

  • An explicit area of knowledge

  • Neither

  • Both

Explanation

Question 23 of 68

1

For infants, what is mental representation?

Select one of the following:

  • When they can arrive at solutions to problems rather than through trial-and-error

  • When they can mentally represent the issues in front of them or away from the stimulus

  • When they can mentally represent their models (e.g. parents) away from the stimuli

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 24 of 68

1

For infants, what is deferred imitation?

Select one of the following:

  • When they expect others to imitate their actions

  • When they can remember and repeat the behaviours of others when not present

  • When they attempt to use their own behaviour and represent them in toys that they have

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 25 of 68

1

Deferred imitation is shown to be present in babies:

Select one of the following:

  • Less than 2 months old

  • At 4 months old

  • At 6 months old

  • At 8 months old

  • At 12 months old

Explanation

Question 26 of 68

1

For infants, analogical problem solving is:

Select one of the following:

  • When they apply a solution for one problem to a number of others

  • When they apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

  • When they cannot apply a solution for one problem to a number of others

  • When they cannot apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

Explanation

Question 27 of 68

1

For infants, displaced reference is:

Select one of the following:

  • Using words to cue images of objects not present

  • Using actions to cue images of objects that are not present

  • Using the environment to cue images of objects that are not present

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 28 of 68

1

For infants, goal-oriented or intentional behaviour appears at:

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years)

Explanation

Question 29 of 68

1

When Piaget hid a toy behind a transparent cover, the infant (between 8 - 12 months old) pushed away his hand to reveal it again. This showed that infants at Substage 4 have understood:

Select one of the following:

  • Object permanence

  • Means-end action sequences

  • Invisible displacement

  • Deferred imitation

Explanation

Question 30 of 68

1

It can be argued that violation-of-expectation fully examples that infants consciously understand object displacement and permanence, both with looking and reaching. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 31 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to examine their own reflexes?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 32 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to use simple motor habits that are centered around the infant's own body?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 33 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now start to aim at repeating interesting effects of their actions in the surrounding world (eg, familiar behaviours)?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 34 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now learn intentional - or goal-directed - behaviour, as well as obtain initial understandings of object permanence?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 35 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to explore the properties of objects by acting in novel ways, imitate novel behaviours, and are able to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B searching)?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1- 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 36 of 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now have internal depictions of objects and events (eg, mental representations) when problem-solving, fully understand invisible displacement, deferred imitation, and make-believe play?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 37 of 68

1

A circular reaction is that - circular - because:

Select one of the following:

  • Infants attempt to repeat it again and again

  • Infants attempt to replicate it in front of others

Explanation

Question 38 of 68

1

According to Kaye and Marcus (1981), are infants able to adapt flexibly and quickly enough to imitate novel behaviours?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 39 of 68

1

For infants, object permanence is the understanding that:

Select one of the following:

  • Objects continue to exist when out of their sight

  • Objects continue to exist throughout the rest of their lives

Explanation

Question 40 of 68

1

At which sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do infants begin to better anticipate future events (eg, seeing their mother putting on their coat and begging them not to leave)?

Select one of the following:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explanation

Question 41 of 68

1

What is make-believe play?

Select one of the following:

  • When children act out everyday and imaginary scenarios

  • When children deliberately involve their parents into authentic situations

Explanation

Question 42 of 68

1

For a purely perceptual organism that has no cognition, an object would:

Select one of the following:

  • Cease to exist

  • Remain

Explanation

Question 43 of 68

1

Understanding of an object's continued existence requires what?

Select one of the following:

  • Time and space

  • Only time

  • Only space

Explanation

Question 44 of 68

1

According to Piaget and constructivism, errors in A-B searching show:

Select one of the following:

  • Deficits in knowledge

  • Functional impairment

  • Genetic deficiencies

Explanation

Question 45 of 68

1

For Piaget, babies make errors in object permanence because of knowledge deficits. What does it use?

Select one of the following:

  • Gradual construction

  • Innate programming

Explanation

Question 46 of 68

1

For some others, babies may have full understanding, however, things get in the way. For example, Diamond (1985) suggested it to be memory-based. Butterworth (1975) found that:

Select one of the following:

  • Babies still make errors with transparent containers

  • Babies can still identify transparent containers as well

Explanation

Question 47 of 68

1

Diamond (1985) suggested that understanding comes from inhibition or habit. Horobin and Arcedolo (1986) found that there were:

Select one of the following:

  • More deficits when the containers were far apart than close

  • Less deficits when the containers were far apart than close

Explanation

Question 48 of 68

1

At what stage can babies; accurately search A-B, represent objects when they are invisible (when they are stationary, but not when both invisible and moving), but not handle invisible displacements?

Select one of the following:

  • 12-18 months

  • 18-24 months

Explanation

Question 49 of 68

1

At what stage can babies; handle invisible displacements, represent rather than perceive, and handle full object permanence?

Select one of the following:

  • 12-18 months

  • 18-24 months

Explanation

Question 50 of 68

1

________ is a technique used to dishabituate individuals (primarily children) by going against what they thought was going to happen.

Select one of the following:

  • Dishabituation circumstance

  • Violation of expectation

  • Denial of visuality

Explanation

Question 51 of 68

1

According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), reaching under an occluder...

Select one of the following:

  • Only works when the object is separate (or halved)

  • Only works when the entire object is moving in one direction

Explanation

Question 52 of 68

1

Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that their results:

Select one of the following:

  • Criticised Piaget's time scale, because 4-month-olds can do the task as well

  • Supported the Piaget findings

Explanation

Question 53 of 68

1

Kellman and Spelke's (1983) findings were:

Select one of the following:

  • For the Nativist position

  • Against the Nativist position

Explanation

Question 54 of 68

1

Subsequent findings on what Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that:

Select one of the following:

  • Children do not fill in the object, only perceive it

  • Children can perceive the rod as well to be filled (Gestalt)

Explanation

Question 55 of 68

1

According to subsequent research into the Kellman and Spelke (1983) findings, do children look at the rod more or everything else around it?

Select one of the following:

  • Children look at the rod

  • Children don't care about the rod

Explanation

Question 56 of 68

1

The Baillargeon (1985, 1987) findings supported or criticised the Piaget stance on object permanence?

Select one of the following:

  • Evidence of object permanence, one cannot pass through another

  • Not evidence for object permanence, needs more research

Explanation

Question 57 of 68

1

The effects for total occlusion in the Aguiar and Baillargeon (1999) study showed it to be apparent at what age?

Select one of the following:

  • 1 month

  • 2 months

  • 2.5 months

Explanation

Question 58 of 68

1

According to Ruffman, Slade, and Redman (2005), infants:

Select one of the following:

  • Do have to anticipate where the object will be next

  • Do not need to anticipate anything

Explanation

Question 59 of 68

1

In ancillary deficits, means-end reasoning refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching but getting distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous search task may still be ongoing

Explanation

Question 60 of 68

1

In ancillary deficits, attention refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching, but also becoming distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous searching may still be ongoing

Explanation

Question 61 of 68

1

In ancillary deficits, memory refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching, but also becoming distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous task searching may still be ongoing

Explanation

Question 62 of 68

1

In ancillary deficits, inhibition refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Having to logically reason where an object could be

  • Becoming distracted by searching

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous task search may still be ongoing

Explanation

Question 63 of 68

1

Graded representation refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Concepts developing in gradual stages

  • Concepts representing themselves

Explanation

Question 64 of 68

1

For whom does understanding become 'fuller'?

Select one of the following:

  • Piaget

  • Munakata

Explanation

Question 65 of 68

1

For whom does understanding become 'stronger'?

Select one of the following:

  • Piaget

  • Munkata

Explanation

Question 66 of 68

1

Berk (2012) suggested that babies still make the accurate A-B search error when:

Select one of the following:

  • They search in A, watch it go to B, but still look in A anyway

  • They search in A, watch it go to B, and follow it to B

Explanation

Question 67 of 68

1

"...enables toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement - finding a toy moved while out of sight, such as into a small box while under a cover" Berk (2012). What is this an understanding of?

Select one of the following:

  • Mental representation

  • Graded representation

Explanation

Question 68 of 68

1

In which temporal lobe did infants display a particular brain-wave pattern that is also seen in adults when they sustain a mental image of an object?

Select one of the following:

  • Right temporal lobe

  • Left temporal lobe

Explanation

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