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Treatment Goals of Early CKD
Treatment Goals of Late CKD
What stages of CKD are considered early?
What stages of CKD are consider late?
Why do we encourage as much water intake as possible for cats with CKD?
Does protein restriction help in early CKD?
What is Proteinuria and how does it relate to CKD?
Effects of protein restriction (early CKD)?
So should we protein restrict in Early CKD?
Define Azotemia
Define uremia
Why do uremia and azotemia occur in CKD?
What are the correlates of excess/high protein intake in late CKD?
What are the correlates protein malnutrition in late CKD?
What is the goal of protein restriction in late stage CKD?
How do we determine the minimal protein requirements for late CKD patients?
When should we restrict phosphorus in cats (with or without CKD)?
Hypertension with CKD
Should we restrict sodium in CKD?
Hypokalemia in CKD
Buffering Capacity in CKD
Goal of supporting buffering capacity in CKD
What is the purpose of antioxidants in CKD?
What if your feline CKD patient is anorexic?
Appetite Stimulation Suggestions (Cats)?
Purpose of soluble fibre in CKD?
Define Urolithiasis
What type of stone(s) can hypercalcemia cause?
What type of stone(s) can Cushing's disease cause?
What type of stone(s) can defects in purine metabolism cause? Also, give an example of a purine metabolism defect.
What type of stones can urease-producing bacterial infections of the urinary tract cause?
What type of stones can be caused by foreign material in the urinary tract cause? Give an example of foreign materials that may cause stones in the urinary tract.
What type of stones can renal tubular acidosis cause?
How can we diagnose stones?
What factors influence crystal/urolith formation?
What is RSS?
UNDERSATURATED: ZONES/LEVELS OF URINARY SATURATION
Metastable: ZONES/LEVELS OF URINARY SATURATION
Oversaturated: ZONES/LEVELS OF URINARY SATURATION
Biologic behaviour of struvite stones
Struvite treatment plan
Dietary consideration regarding struvite stones
What is the single most important factor in urolithiasis cases?
Give example of diet acidifiers for struvite cases.
RSS approach to struvite
Biological behaviour of calcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate Tx plan
True or False: Dissolution of calcium oxalate stones is possible
Should we restrict calcium for calcium oxalate stones?
Should we restrict oxalates with calcium oxalate stones?
Should we restrict Vit C for calcium oxalate stone cases?
How does excessive protein contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation?
Why do we need to be careful with Phosphorus restriction with calcium oxalate stones?
How can magnesium help with calcium oxalate stones?
Calcium oxalate dietary options?
Urine Alkalizing Agents for Calcium oxalate stones
RSS Approach to Calcium oxalate stones
Ammonium Urate Biological behaviour
Normal Physiological fate of purines: What are they excreted as? What enzyme is important for the final transformation?
Dalmation pathogenesis of Ammonium nitrate stones
NON-Dalmation pathogenesis of Ammonium nitrate stones
Treatment Plan for Ammonium Urate
What is allopurinol?
Ammonium urate stones: nutrients of concern
What urine pH should we aim for with ammonium urate stones?
Life cycle of Heartworm
Where is the heartworm line?
How prevalent is clinical disease in heartworm dogs in Ontario?
Is heartworm more or less prevalent in cats than in dogs?
How does the parasite burden required to cause disease vary in cats compared to dogs?
What is different about testing cats vs dogs for heartworm?
What other parasites do many heartworm preventative products also work against?
What is "reach back activity"?
When should heartworm prevention start?
When should heartworm prevention stop?
When is year-round preventatives indicated?
If a puppy/kitten is born during the
heartworm-transmission season, by what
age should it receive its first preventive
treatment for heartworm ?
What method should be used to
screen dogs for heartworm ?
When should we screen for heartworm?
When should dogs be tested for heartworm?
Why is it difficult to justify annual heartworm testing in Canada?
What is a good strategy to determine if heartworm testing is justified?
What do we do if a dog tests positive without clinical signs?
What do we do if a dog tests positive with clinical signs?
What is the treatment protocol for infected dogs?
What about the "slow kill protocol?
How to we manage heartworm positive cats?
