A case study is an investigation of …
[1] people from one geographic area
[2] one person or group over a specific period of time.
[3] a small group of people with similar backgrounds.
[4] different groups of people over a period of time.
The "art vs. science" issue in teaching is probably best answered by the statement that teaching requires …
learned skills and creativity.
imagination and, therefore, is an art.
the ability to learn and apply specific rules.
the use of scientific methods.
Reflective teachers are best described by the following phrase:
Use of scientific methods
Maintaining class discipline
Thoughtful and inventive
Adapt instruction and assessment to students’ needs
According to the law No Child Left Behind …
research is not important for improving schools.
initial hypotheses about education which have not been tested can still improve educational practices.
mandates all teachers must conduct a research project on an annual basis.
schools who receive federal funds must be consistent with "scientifically based research."
A positive correlation between two factors indicates that the factors …
are NOT necessarily related.
are strongly related.
decrease proportionately.
tend to increase or decrease together.
Use of the "common sense" approach to teaching is viewed by educational psychologists as …
inappropriate unless supported by research.
appropriate in most circumstances.
more reliable than scientific judgments.
the main factor that differentiates experts from novices.
Which one of the following is an example of maturation?
Losing weight due to exercise
Gaining weight from age two to age three
Losing weight during a brief illness
Learning which foods produce the most weight
A correlation study indicates that teachers' interest in teaching and the amount of the day their students are engaged in learning correlate at +0.46. This coefficient would indicate that …
as teacher interest decreases, engaged time increases.
as teacher interest increases, engaged time tends to increase.
interest in teaching leads to a large increase in engaged time.
there is virtually NO relationship between the two variables.
The last part of the brain to develop fully is the …
thalamus.
frontal lobe.
cerebral cortex.
cerebellum.
Ethnography is an investigation of …
a small group of people with similar backgrounds.
people from one geographic area.
a group of people over a specific period of time.
life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.
Axons transmit …
information to the heart and lungs.
information to the neuron cells themselves.
information to blood cells.
information to muscles, glands, or other neurons.
Messages sent by releasing chemicals that jump across synapses involve …
transformations.
lateralization.
neurons.
myelination.
When a result from a research project involving an experimental design is reported in the literature as significant, this result …
is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
contradicts the prevailing theoretical views.
is unrelated to theory development.
will indicate its practical importance.
Social development entails …
changes over time in the ways we relate to others.
genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time.
gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.
changes in personality that take place as one grows.
Which one of the following is the clearest example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?
Learning that a green light means "go" and a red light means "stop."
Learning to paint with a new type of brush.
Looking at teachers as they lecture.
Looking at a worm and thinking that it is a snake.
Which one of the following is the clearest example of Piaget's concept of accommodation?
Drinking juice from a box package if you are used to drink it from a bottle.
A preoperational child's belief that a tall, narrow glass contains more liquid than a short, wide glass is probably due to difficulties in …
egocentrism.
serration.
decentering.
object permanence.
Janie was having some difficulty deciding how to organize her defence for the debate competition. She prepared several hypothetical arguments that her opponents might raise, and how she might reply. What cognitive stage of Piaget's theory does this account best illustrate?
Preoperational thought
Sensorimotor
Concrete operations
Formal operations
According to Robbie Case, cognitive development in one domain of thought …
cannot be explained by assimilation and accommodation.
is similar from one domain to another.
transfers from one domain to another.
differs from one domain to another.
The role of "private speech" in Vygotsky's view is to …
guide one's activities in solving a problem.
call attention to oneself during play.
encourage children to learn new words.
stimulate the development of language from simple words to full sentences.
The best way to determine what cognitive stage a person has reached is by …
interpreting the person's scores on a mental ability test.
knowing the person's age.
knowing the person's rate of development.
observing how the person solves problems.
Indicate the statement that is not true for the pre operational child:
The child is able to recognise the logical stability of the physical world.
The child can think backward, from the end to the beginning.
The child has difficulty to consider more than one aspect of a situation at a time.
The child does not understand object permanence.
The research of Luis Moll in Arizona has focused on the cultural "funds of knowledge", which include…
the knowledge the families and communities have that can become the basis for teaching.
learning environments that require students to work on their own.
learning activities funded under the law No Child Left Behind.
Learning activities that require the use of a computer.
The school and the neighbourhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?
Industry vs. inferiority
Autonomy vs. shame
Generativity vs. stagnation
Intimacy vs. isolation
Ever since Maida was a child, her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor. They bought her chemistry sets and equipment, such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors. When Maida entered college, she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options. According to James Marcia, Maida is exhibiting identity …
foreclosure.
achievement.
diffusion.
moratorium.
The term "blended family" refers to a family that …
consists of a working mother and father and their children.
gets along well together, including parents and children.
Includes grandparents as well as parents and children living together.
includes stepbrothers and stepsisters living together with perhaps one or more siblings.
Which one of the following symptoms of child abuse is a behavioural rather than a physical indicator of child abuse?
Abandonment by parents
Frequent absence or tardiness
Consistent lack of supervision
Unattended medical needs
Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?
Psychosexual
Psychosomatic
Psychosocial
Sociocultural
What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?
A developmental crisis
Cognitive dissonance
Disequilibration
Equilibration
The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that …
self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.
self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.
self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.
There is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.
Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a …
causal relationship.
negative relationship.
zero relationship.
positive relationship.
Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?
Nonconventional
Conventional
Pre-conventional
Post-conventional
What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according to relevant research?
Emphasis on justice
Importance of equality
Concern for caring and justice
Sympathy for others
Terman's classic study found that children who are gifted tend to be …
less athletic than their peers.
larger and stronger as adults than their peers.
less socially skilled than their peers.
teachers' pets.
A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating …
crystallized intelligence.
naturalist intelligence.
speed of processing.
linguistic intelligence.
All children in Ms. Gray's math class can now solve subtraction problems, but Larry does them much more quickly and efficiently than most of his classmates. Sternberg would call this …
flexibility.
insight.
meta-components.
automaticity.
Compared to individual ability tests, a major limitation of group ability tests is that group tests …
provide a measure of general, but not specific, abilities.
are less likely to produce an accurate picture of a person's abilities.
take much more skill on the part of the teacher to administer and interpret.
are more expensive to administer and more difficult to interpret than individual ability tests.
Woolfolk's position on the issue of labelling exceptional students is that such practices …
are clearly detrimental and should not be continued.
are far more beneficial than harmful and definitely need to be continued.
have both positive and negative effects and need to be exercised cautiously.
should be used only with physical handicaps that do not affect mental or emotional functioning.
Most psychologists today believe that intelligence is influenced …
about 75 percent by heredity and 25 percent by environment.
about 25 percent by heredity and 75 percent by environment.
about equally by heredity and environment.
minimally by both heredity and environment.
An IEP is a written plan for a specific student's education, and it must include …
career goals.
needed transitional services.
specific educational goals.
specific educational goals, current functioning level, and career goals.
Hyperactivity can be most accurately described as a …
variable set of conditions with differing sets of causes.
disease characterized by excessive nervousness.
neurological disorder causing short attention span.
variable set of conditions with a single cause.
Recent research has indicated that acceleration of students who are gifted …
is related to lower achievement.
has been unnecessarily discouraged in the past.
results in poor social and emotional adjustment.
robs students of the companionship of their age group.
Which one of the following behaviours is an example of an articulation disorder?
Saying "wike" for "like"
Repeating a word several times in an utterance
Speaking in an inappropriate pitch
Speaking too slowly or too rapidly
Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the concept of learned helplessness as an explanation for failure by low socioeconomic status children?
Trina seeks help from her older sister in completing practically all of her homework assignments.
Brook never volunteers an answer, but hopes that the teacher will call on her.
Michael decides that he has no chance of passing the seventh grade or even completing school successfully.
Josh will only compete against smaller children while playing sports after school.
Stereotyping refers to …
a schema that organizes knowledge or perceptions about a category.
unfair treatment of particular categories of people.
biological differences.
prejudgment or irrational generalisation about an entire category of people.
Which one of the following quotations MOST clearly represents the concept of stereotyping?
"Boys should line up to the right and girls to the left."
"People from that region just aren't ambitious."
"If he's one of your friends, tell him not to apply."
"Matthew just doesn't seem interested in spelling."
In order to reduce the possible negative stereotypes about students who speak a different dialect, teachers should …
promote "heritage" English rather than "formal" English for all students.
accept students' dialects as a valid and correct language system, but teach standard English as well.
expect to find more homonyms in the students' language than usual.
focus on teaching "standard" or "formal" English to all students.
Behavioural theories of learning emphasize …
observable actions.
development.
nature over nurture.
thinking.
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be …
in a contiguous relationship.
dependent upon reward.
equivalent stimuli.
in a noncontiguous relationship.
Which of the following illustrations is characteristic of a culturally compatible classroom?
Mr. Denver gave each life sciences student the same laboratory worksheet in order to determine what misconceptions in handling a microscope could be identified.
Mr. Buhr regularly demonstrated the correct procedures for borrowing school materials during his homeroom period.
Ms. Hayes assigned an article on euthanasia for her social studies class to read prior to their exam, although the topic had not been discussed.
Ms. Rosen organized her English class into homogeneous groups during small group discussions.
The law of “effect in the theory of learning” is related to the concept of …
consequences.
antecedents.
patterns.
punishments.
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of behaviour exemplifies …
positive reinforcement.
presentation punishment.
negative reinforcement.
removal punishment.
Sally turns on the water faucet to get a drink. What schedule of reinforcement typically prevails?
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Continuous
Persistence in responding is increased by what type of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed
Interval
Ratio
Variable
The teacher says to Marty, "Good job," but frowns as he looks at her. According to O'Leary and O'Leary, the teacher's praise is NOT …
contingent.
identified with the behaviour.
salient.
believable.
Shaping is an appropriate method for developing new behaviour when …
performance is otherwise too poor to gain reinforcement.
no appropriate reinforcers can be found.
students are capable of the behaviour but seldom perform it.
there is no one available to model the appropriate behaviour.
Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n) …
assembly of elements into a meaningful pattern.
downward scanning of the eyes.
understanding of the context of a situation.
search for familiar features or elements.
Cliff is good at solving math problems, but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class. His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?
Conditional
Domain-specific
Declarative
Procedural
Shaping, as a method to encourage behaviour, refers to the following:
Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal of behaviour.
Small components that make up a complex behaviour.
The use of cueing to help establish new behaviours.
Practicing correct responses immediately after errors.
The Good Behaviour Game is based on the application of …
contingency contracts.
peer tutoring.
primary reinforcers.
group consequences.
Compared to the behaviouristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?
Egocentric
Passive
Social
Active
When you mention "dogs," both Bethany and Ashley would picture collies. In relation to the concept "dog," what would the image of a collie be?
Prototype
Algorithm
Attribute
Heuristic
Based on studies of context, in what location would a student be likely to perform best on an educational psychology test?
In an educational psychology classroom
In a very quiet area, such as a library
In a small comfortable room with soft music playing
In a familiar room such as a dorm room
Metacognition deals with knowledge about our own …
memory capacities.
thinking processes.
cognitive stage.
cognitive development.
Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?
About 20 seconds
A day
One minute
One week
You are given a math problem to solve. As you try to remember the formula involved, what memory system is being searched?
Working procedural
Long-term semantic
Sensory register
Schematic
Because memories are organized in propositional networks, recall of one bit of information often …
blocks the recall of other information.
leads to the integration of organized patterns.
requires specific, external memory cues.
Leads to recall of another bit of information.
The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may …
activate an inappropriate schema.
become too reflective.
experience overgeneralization.
rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.
Sgt. York couldn't get a shot at the enemy, who was keeping his head down in a foxhole. "Why, he's acting just like the turkeys back in Kentucky!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble. The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet. What cognition process did the sergeant use?
Deductive logic
Overlearning
Analogical thinking
The generate-test method
Frank was supposed to push three wheelbarrows back to the barn, and he wasn't relishing the idea of three trips. Then in a flash he reorganized the problem. He loaded two wheelbarrows onto the third and made one trip. In doing this, he demonstrated …
functional fixedness.
response set.
Ms. Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film. She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it. What component of the creative process is she fostering?
Automaticity
Elaboration
Flexibility
Restructuring
Josh's history teacher wants Josh to learn important events that occurred during the Civil War. What type of knowledge would be most directly involved in this learning?
Domain-specific declarative
Conditional declarative
General declarative
Procedural declarative
Based on the serial-position effect, what group of letters of the alphabet should be the most difficult to remember for someone who is first learning the alphabet?
MNO
ABC
XYZ
All of the above groups should be of equal difficulty
Which one of the following critical thinking skills is involved in defining and clarifying a problem?
Comparing differences and similarities
Distinguishing between fact and opinion
Identifying unstated assumptions
Recognizing different value systems and ideologies
Learning Latin to improve basic intelligence would possibly be inefficient due to …
general rather than specific transfer taking place.
the impracticality of disciplining mental processes.
specific rather than general transfer taking place.
the irrelevance of the subject.
Cheryl gets good grades in her language class but uses incorrect grammar and punctuation in her written work in other classes. This situation suggests a problem with …
assimilation.
transfer.
encoding.
integration.
Which one of the following transfer stages is NOT one of Gary Phyte's stages in developing strategic transfer of learning?
Acquisition phase
Overlearning phase
Retention phase
Transfer phase
Constructivist views of learning are grounded in the research of …
many psychologists and educators.
Gestalt psychologists.
Piaget and Vygotsky primarily.
curriculum designers.
A structure for teaching, developed by Jerome Bruner, that introduces the fundamental structure of all subjects during the early school years and then revisits the subjects in increasingly more complex forms over time, is called what type of curriculum?
Advanced
Cultural
Spiral
Vicarious
A learning approach in which we focus on a reason for sorting out ideas to solve the problem is called…
problem-based learning.
inquiry learning.
situated learning.
anchored instruction.
Cognitive apprenticeship refers to:
Concept mapping vs. information processing
Facts vs. concepts
A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert.
Knowledge vs. application
Piaget's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?
Both externally and internally directed
Externally directed
Internally directed
Logically directed
Cooperative learning involves the following:
Elaboration, interpretation, and argumentation
Shared values, lack of conflict, and creativity
Cognitive flexibility, competition, and self-respect
Extrinsic rewards, elaboration, and autonomy
Using instructional conversations as a teaching tool is designed to provide a means for…
arranging the environment so that students can discover on their own.
grappling with problems in students' zones of proximal development and providing scaffolding.
guiding learning by expectations and demonstrations of the students.
placing students in situations where they have to reach for understanding.
Mary, a student who cannot afford a computer is caught in the …
magic middle.
digital divide.
participation structure.
semi-lingual.
A social learning theory is a theory that …
emphasizes learning through observation of others.
adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions and expectations to social learning theory.
refers to a person’s sense of being able to deal effectively with social circumstances.
propagates the capacity to coordinate learning skills, motivation and emotions to reach social skills.
In organizing cooperative learning groups, Woolfolk suggests that it is best to …
group students of similar backgrounds together.
keep groups together for at least half the year.
make shy or introverted students the group leader.
balance the number of boys and girls in each group.
Bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioural conceptions of learning by focusing on …
acquisition of knowledge.
social learning theory.
observable performances.
principles of reinforcement and punishment.
Mr. Snow, the math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by …
modelling how to set specific goals.
rewarding only large improvements in math skills.
encouraging the student not to engage in self-evaluation.
linking success to natural born abilities.
Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation?
An inner state that causes a person to initiate an action
An inner state that arouses, directs, and maintains a person’s behaviour
The level of involvement a person has in a chosen activity
The degree of persistence a person has toward completing an activity
Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
State
Trait
The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation?
Behavioural
Cognitive
Social learning
Humanistic
The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is …
general in nature and moderately difficult.
specific and moderately difficult.
general in nature and very difficult.
specific and very difficult.
Which one of the following quotes exemplifies a learning goal?
"If I master this material, I can have some free time."
"I'm going to go for the third assignment option, so that I can receive an A."
"Accomplishing this should make me better prepared for Biology 101."
"Jason will be impressed if I can learn this laboratory procedure."
In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?
Being
Deficiency
Proficiency
Self-actualization
According to attribution theory, students who see the causes of their failures as internal and controllable will react to those failures by …
finding strategies to succeed the next time.
assuming things will work out better in the future.
berating themselves for their failure.
exhibiting confusion and anxiety.
Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work. He makes poor marks in school and is not inclined to seek help. According to attribution theory, Harry is typical of students who attribute their failures to causes that are…
internal, stable, and uncontrollable.
external, stable, and controllable.
external, unstable, and uncontrollable.
internal, stable, and controllable.
Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty in completing his science laboratory work, Ms. Butterfield quickly offers to help him and encourages him to continue working. According to Graham (1991), Ms. Butterfield's behaviour is likely to result in Matt developing …
doubts about his ability.
an enhanced sense of self-efficacy.
an incremental view of his ability.
external-unstable attributions.
Cognitive evaluation theory explains how praise, criticism, grade assignments, and other events can influence students' intrinsic motivation by affecting their sense of competence and …
curiosity.
self-control.
task orientation.
self-determination.
Which one of the following refers to ego-involved learners?
Students who don’t want to learn or to look smart, but just want to avoid work.
Students who have a wide variety of needs and motives to be connected to others.
Students who focus on mastering the task or solving the problem.
Students who focus on how well they are performing and how they are judged by others.
Action research is?
research that focus on sources of knowing
systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers to improve teaching and learning
knowledge assumed by a teacher
information gained by an educational psychologist through standardized tests
A characteristic of Piaget's concrete operational stage is
understand reversibility
begins to make use of imitation
becomes more scientific in thinking
able to think operations through logically
The "art" vs "science" issue in teaching is probably best answered by the statement that teaching requires
imagination, and, therefore, is an art
knowledgeable and inventive
the ability to learn and apply specific rules
the use of scientific methods
The following is a "good" use of multiple intelligence...
Trying to teach all subjects or concepts using all intelligences
direct evaluation and grading of intelligences without regarding to context
mixing intelligences with other desirable qualities
Personalization of educatution
A characteristics of Piaget's concrete -operational stage is
Deficiency needs are
Maslow's tree higher level needs
objects or events that discourage behaviour
Maslow's four lower level needs
when rewards are absent
The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is
general in nature and moderate difficult
realistic, reasonable difficult and meaningfull
general in nature and very difficult
specific and very difficult
Cognitive evaluation theory explains how praise, criticism, grade assignments and other events can influence students intrinsic motivation by affecting their sense of competence and...
curiousity
self-control
task-orientation
self-determination
Another way of describing “assisted learning” is …
accommodation
assimilation
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
guided participation
Negative reinforcement is understood as …
when a correct response is practiced immediately after errors have occurred.
when an action stops or something unpleasant is avoided then the behaviour is likely to reoccur.
when one’s behaviour is replaced with another.
what happens when students continually fail to gain reinforcement.
Token reinforcement systems are complicated and time consuming. They should only be used in which of the following situations:
To encourage learners who have consistently failed to make academic progress
To reward learners who are interested in the work
To reward learners in a class that is well-behaved
To teach learners that there can be consequences for behaviour
Self-management can be defined as …
the removal of all reinforcements.
the use of behavioural learning principles to change one’s own behaviour.
developing new responses a little at a time.
learning by doing and experiencing the consequences.
One of the main criticisms used in discussions of behaviour methods is:
That there are disagreements on what learning entails
That people do not learn through the effects of deliberate responses
That the difference between learning and performance is not recognised
That rewarding learners for all learning will cause them to lose interest in learning for its own sake
Information processing is best understood as …
useful in a particular situations.
useful as it applies to many situations.
the mind’s ability to take in, store and use information.
the interpretation of sensory information.
Sensory memory is defined as …
the information you are focussing on at a given moment.
systems that hold sensory information very briefly.
the ability to perform learned tasks without much mental effort.
the process that brings together information from the long-term memory.
The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task is known as …
Cognitive load.
Intrinsic cognitive load.
Germane cognitive load.
Extraneous cognitive load.
Keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else is known as …
Decay
Interference.
Elaborative rehearsal.
Chunking.
Recognising a problem as a disguised version of an old problem for which one already has a solution is known as:
Working-backward strategy
Schema-driven problem solving
Means-ends analysis
The tendency to respond in the most familiar manner is typically called:
Response set
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
Availability heuristic
Grace is working on a lesson where problem solving is required. She asks you for some guidance to ensure that she will meet the outcome set. Which one of the following guidelines would you suggest?
Continue with the lesson regardless of whether the student understands the problem
Let learners do the thinking; don’t just give them the answers
Identify conclusions and assumptions for learners
Ensure that learners understand that there is only one way to solve the problem
Dyna is undertaking a project for her art class. She brainstorms the different ideas on how to represent windmills in the Karoo. This is an example of:
Convergent thinking
Insight
Divergent thinking
A learning approach in which students identify and analyse the problem based on the facts from the scenario is called …
When knowledge is acquired by constructing a representation of the outside world this is said to what form of knowledge construction?
Internal direction
External direction
Both internal and external direction
Organisation
When members of a group believe they can attain their goal only if the group attains their goals then this is said to be …
promotive interaction.
individual accountability.
positive interdependence.
group processing.
Ryan is well liked by his group members; he often helps others with the academic content and explains concepts. In a cooperative learning group, Ryan plays which of the following roles?
The encourager
The cheerleader
The gate keeper
The coach
Thembi is very helpful and always ensures that everyone can hear what the others are saying. In a cooperative learning group, which of the following possible roles does Thembi play?
Taskmaster
Quiet captain
Materials monitor
Reflector
Perspectives that emphasise participation, identities and interpersonal relations within communities of practice is which approach to motivation?
Humanistic approach
Cognitive approach
Sociocultural approach
Social cognitive approach
The belief that ability is a fixed characteristic that cannot be changed is said to be which view if ability?
Incremental view of ability
Entity view of ability
Epistemological beliefs of ability
Attribution view of ability
When Teacher Phyllis asks a learner to have parents review and sign some assignments, which strategy to support motivation is she using?
Teacher communicates the importance of the work
Clear goals and directions
Messages of accountability and high expectations
Attributions to effort
Which one of the following strategies would not support motivation to learn?
The teacher sets the pace for the lesson for the slowest learner.
The teacher allows a new learner to sit with a buddy for the day.
The teacher indicates that the work learners are doing is hard but that they are doing a good job.
The teacher stimulates creative thought.
