Earliest migrants to North America were to adapt to which initial environmental challenge?
Drought and heat
Shortages of game and herd animals
Ice and glaciers
Rising oceans
The maize culture of the Southwest was most similar to the pre-Columbian culture of the
Creek
Cahokia
Pueblo
Algonquian
Before the arrival of Europeans, Great Basin and Western Plains Indians
became dependent on agriculture and maize cultivation
created strong trade networks among North American tribes
responded to a lack of resources by developing mobile lifestyles
developed larger permanent communities
In northeastern North American before European contact, the Iroquois developed the tradition of
sun worship
potlatch
the longhouse
mound building
Pre-Columbian Southwest Indians were most noted for which environmental transformation practice?
overhunting and extinction of herd animals
draining swamps
burning grasslands and forests
irrigation
Fifteenth and sixteenth Spanish exploration and conquest created a racially mixed culture known as
mestizo
Chicano
Latino
mulatto
Which deadly epidemic most devastated Mexican natives and was the subject of numerous 15th and 16th century primary accounts of disease?
Smallpox
Syphilis
Measles
Influenza
Which 15th century European country dominated the African slave trade?
Holland
France
Portugal
England
Which of the following livestock introduced by the Spanish had the greatest impact on the Great Plains Indian settlement patterns?
Horses
Buffalo
Cows
Pigs
Which Old World crop introduced by the Spanish most dramatically increased demand for African slaves in the Caribbean?
Wheat
Rice
Indigo
Sugar
The encomienda system primarily relied on labor from
women
African slaves
Spanish indentured servants
American Indians
Encomienda labor focused most on
jungle clearing
trade and commerce
domestic service
plantation agriculture
As Spanish labor demands grew, the labor source for imperial production transitioned to
indentured servants
Indians
Spanish peasants
Which European country had the least significant presence in the Western Hemisphere during the 15th and 16th centuries?
Since the 15th and 16th centuries, what has been the most enduring legacy from Spanish conquest and exploration of the Americas?
Greater standing in the world
Increased wealth for Spain
Promotion of a large empire
Converts to Christianity
What was the most important 15th and 16th century goal of Spanish conquest and exploration as revealed by the conquistadors?
Promotion of empire
Increased wealth of Spain
Increased status
Which of the following was not a native crop from the Americas that stimulated trade and/or population in Europe?
Tobacco
Cacao
Potatoes
Spanish mineral wealth from the Americas caused a shift toward
mercantilism
socialism
capitalism
feudalism
Sextant technology revolutionized
the fur trade
international trade and exploration
manufacturing and processing
military combat
Over the centuries, the most effective means of "civilizing" natives to Spanish culture was
the encomienda system
military occupation
the distribution of mineral wealth
the mission system
Juan de Onate's 1598 subjugation of natives who resisted Spanish rule is best illustrated by his attack against natives in
Acoma
Stono
San Antonio
Santa Fe
In 1573, the Comprehensive Orders of New Discoveries placed pacification of natives primarily in the hands of
missionaries
encomederos
regional governors
conquistadors
Sixteenth through nineteenth century North American Indians most resisted European beliefs about
land ownership
family structure
agriculture
fur trading and trapping
Sixteenth century African slaves in the Western Hemisphere best preserved autonomy and linguistic traditions through
expanded land ownership
maroon communities in the Caribbean
large scale rebellion
domestic service roles
American Indian culture had a different view of landownership than did Europeans in that they thought
land should be owned by individual members of the society
tribal ownership of land was perpetual and exclusive
they owned the use of the land but not the land itself
all land was open to settlement by all people at any time
American Indian cultures
established a common written language
established trade networks and communication over relatively large areas
had peaceful relationships with each other that included voluntary emigration
formed major alliances to combat attempts by Europeans to encroach on their lands
Which of the following is true about American Indian cultures prior to contact with Europeans?
They experienced frequent epidemic diseases
They had developed wheeled vehicles pulled by livestock
They exchanged goods with African societies
They were engaged in frequent conflicts with other American Indian groups
The primary positive benefit of the Columbian Exchange was
the exchange of food products between Europe and the Western Hemisphere
the introduction of horses into Europe
the introduction of cattle into Europe
the exchange of architectural design techniques between the two continents
The primary negative consequence of the Columbian exchange was the exchange of
food products that led to debilitating illnesses for both American Indians and Europeans
concepts of autocratic governments that delayed the development of democracy
epidemic diseases introduced from Europe into the Americas
modern methods of warfare introduced to Europeans by American Indians
Prior to European contact, North American Indians were
dominated by the Plains Indians, who possessed horses
dominated by the eastern woodland tribes, who possessed firearms
dependent on imports of foodstuffs from Mexican tribes for survival
distinct societies with different economies and lifestyles
As the Spanish explored North America prior to 1600, they discovered
a Northwest Passage (an all-water route) to Asia
massive storehouses of precious metals among American Indian tribes
little of interest to keep them pushing north to Canada
evidence that Europeans had significant contact with American Indians prior to 1492
