Ella Middlemiss
Quiz by , created more than 1 year ago

Includes perception of risk, cohort and case-controlled studies, correlation and causation, high blood pressure, cholesterol, LDL's & HDL's, saturated fats and unsaturated fats, basal metabolic rate, BMI, waist to hip ratio, the apoliopoprotein gene cluster

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Ella Middlemiss
Created by Ella Middlemiss almost 8 years ago
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Edexcel, AS Biology, Risk Factors of CVD Quiz

Question 1 of 45

7

The typical reasons for overestimating risks are if the risk is:

Select one or more of the following:

  • undertaken involuntarily

  • unnatural

  • unfamiliar

  • feared

  • unfair

  • rare

  • the consequences are sudden

  • undertaken voluntarily

  • natural

  • familiar

Explanation

Question 2 of 45

1

A correlation is when a change in one variable is causes a change in the other.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 3 of 45

1

What are the scientists called who study patterns in the occurrence of disease, look for correlations between a disease and specific risk factors?

Select one of the following:

  • Entymologists

  • Epidemiologists

Explanation

Question 4 of 45

1

What type of study is one in which a group of people are followed over time to see who develops the disease.

Select one of the following:

  • Cohort

  • Case-controlled

Explanation

Question 5 of 45

1

What type of study is one in which a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who don't have the disease by histories of exposure to risk factors?

Select one of the following:

  • Cohort

  • Case-controlled

Explanation

Question 6 of 45

5

The features of a good study are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Controlled variables

  • Large sample size (large enough so that results can't occur by chance)

  • Clear aim

  • Valid and reliable results

  • Representative sample

  • Funky diagrams

Explanation

Question 7 of 45

8

The risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • High blood pressure (hypertension)

  • Obesity

  • Blood cholesterol & dietary factors

  • Smoking

  • Genetic inheritance

  • Age

  • Gender

  • Activity/exercise

  • Aesthetic

  • Choice in clothes

Explanation

Question 8 of 45

3

The risk of CVD with age. This may be due to the effects of ageing on the ; they tend to become elastic and may be more easily damaged.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    increases
    decreases
    stays the same
    arteries
    veins
    capillaries
    less
    more

Explanation

Question 9 of 45

1

Blood pressure is a measure of the hydrostatic force of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 45

1

Systole is low pressure and diastole is high pressure.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 45

1

What device is used to measure blood pressure?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Sphygmomanometer

  • snslhbwakuvllknilsloo

  • Stylishgauge

Explanation

Question 12 of 45

1

What does mmHg stand for?

Select one of the following:

  • millimetres of mercury

  • micrometers of magnesium

Explanation

Question 13 of 45

1

Normal blood pressure is 100-140 for systole and 60-90 for diastole.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 45

7

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Contact between blood and the walls of blood vessels causes ( friction, gravity, drag ) and this impedes flow of blood. This is called ( peripheral resistance, penniless ronald ). The arterioles and capillaries offer a greater total surface area than the ( arteries, venules ), resisting flow more, slowing the blood down and causing blood pressure to ( fall, rise ). Fluctuations in pressure in the arteries are caused by contraction and relaxation in the heart. During ( diastole, systole ), elastic recoil of the blood vessels maintains the pressure and keeps the blood flowing. If the smooth muscles in the walls of an artery ( contract, relax ), the vessels constrict making the lumen narrower and increasing resistance. This leads to blood pressure raising. If the smooth muscles ( relax, contract ), the lumen is dilated, so peripheral resistance is reduced and blood pressure falls.

Explanation

Question 15 of 45

3

The factors that cause arteries or arterioles to constrict (therefore leading to high blood pressure) are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • natural loss of elasticity with age

  • release of hormones such as adrenaline

  • high-salt diet

  • a negative attitude

Explanation

Question 16 of 45

1

When fluid builds up and causes swelling, this is called:

Select one of the following:

  • oedema

  • alopecia

  • orange

Explanation

Question 17 of 45

8

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

( Oedema, orange, Oliver Twist, alopecia ): At the ( arterial, venular ) end of a capillary, blood is under pressure. This forces ( fluid, red blood cells ) and small molecules out through tiny gaps between the cells of the capillary wall into the intercellular space, forming tissue fluid (( interstitial fluid, krazy fluid, wacky fluid )). Blood cells and larger plasma ( proteins, lipids ) can't pass through gaps in the capillary wall. The tissue fluid drains into a network of ( lymph, ladylike, little ) capillaries which returns the fluid to the blood via a ( lymph, ladylike, little ) vessel which empties into the ( vena cava, pulmonary vein ). If blood pressure raises above normal, more fluid may be forced out of the capillaries. In such circumstances, fluid accumulates within the tissues, causing swelling.

Explanation

Question 18 of 45

1

1 calorie is equal to how many joules?

Select one of the following:

  • 4.18

  • 7.97

  • 3000000000000000000000

Explanation

Question 19 of 45

1

Cholesterol is soluble in water.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 45

1

In order to be transported in the bloodstream, cholesterol is combined with ......... to form soluble lipoproteins.

Select one or more of the following:

  • proteins

  • more lipids

  • carbohydrates

Explanation

Question 21 of 45

6

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs): ( Triglycerides, unsaturated fats, starches ) from fats in our diet combine with cholesterol and ( protein, lipids, carbohydrates ) to form LDLs. LDLs transport the cholesterol to ( body cells, gametes ). LDLs circulate in the bloodstream and bind to ( receptor sites, reuptake channels ) on cell ( membranes, walls ) before being taken up by cells (where cholesterol is involved in the synthesis and maintenance of cell ( membranes, walls )).

Explanation

Question 22 of 45

1

Excess LDLs overload the membrane receptors, resulting in high blood cholesterol levels.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 45

1

The excess LDL cholesterol may be deposited onto artery walls forming:

Select one of the following:

  • atheromas

  • blood clots

Explanation

Question 24 of 45

5

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs): They have a high percentage of ( protein, cholesterol ) and less ( cholesterol, protein ) compared to LDLs. This gives them a higher ( density, volume ). They're made when triglycerides from fats combine with cholesterol and and protein. HDLs transport cholesterol from the body tissues to the ( liver, kidneys, pancreas ) where it is broken down. This ( lowers, raises ) blood cholesterol levels and helps remove the fatty plaques of atherosclerosis.

Explanation

Question 25 of 45

1

Saturated fats in the diet decreases LDL and HDL cholesterol, with a greater decrease in LDL cholesterol.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 45

1

Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat leads to:

Select one of the following:

  • a decrease in both LDL and HDL levels, with a greater reduction in LDLs.

  • an increase in both LDL and HDL levels, with a greater increase in LDLs

Explanation

Question 27 of 45

4

Saturated fats may also the activity of so that LDLs aren't removed from the blood. This would increase levels and the risk of .

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    reduce
    LDL receptors
    CVD
    blood cholesterol

Explanation

Question 28 of 45

1

The amount of energy your body uses when completely at rest is called your ...

Select one of the following:

  • Basal Metabolic Rate

  • Basil Munchables Rack

Explanation

Question 29 of 45

1

The energy used as a result of eating is also known as...

Select one of the following:

  • Specific Dynamic Action

  • Sadly Defiant Ants

Explanation

Question 30 of 45

3

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

BMR is highest in ( young infants, the elderly ) in order to maintain their body temperature. BMR declines with age with the decline occurring more rapidly after adolescence because adolescents are still actively ( growing, happy ). Males have more muscle than females therefore they burn more calories even when at rest. Larger people have more metabolising tissue therefore they have a higher BMR. A colder environment results in more heat creation so there's a ( higher, lower ) BMR. Exercise raises BMR and creates more muscle which further raises BMR. Dieting results in a drop in BMR.

Explanation

Question 31 of 45

1

A normal BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 32 of 45

1

BMI = body mass(g)/height(m²)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 33 of 45

5

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The waist is measures unclothed at the ( narrowest, widest ) point between the top of the hip bone and the ( rib margin, face ). The hip measurement is taken at the widest point around the buttocks wearing ( light clothing, a robbie rotten costume ). A women's waist-to hip-ratio should be no ( higher, lower ) than 0.85. A man's waist-to-hip ratio should be no higher than 0.90. It is calculated by ( dividing, multiplying ) waist circumference by hip circumference. This takes abdominal fat into account which BMI does not do.

Explanation

Question 34 of 45

1

The condition characterised by a mutated LDLR which causes it to not form correctly and therefore be less efficient, causing high LDL levels and early onset CHD is called what?

Select one of the following:

  • familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)

  • friendly hydrolipidwubawug

Explanation

Question 35 of 45

3

are the protein component of lipoproteins. They are mostly formed in the . They have important roles in stabilising the structure of the lipoproteins and recognising involved in lipoprotein uptake on the plasma membrane of most cells in the body.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Apoliopoprotein
    liver and intestines
    receptors

Explanation

Question 36 of 45

2

APOA is characterised by:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Being the major protein in HDL

  • Mutations in the apoA gene are associated with low HDL levels which leads to a reduced ability to remove cholesterol from the blood.

  • Being the major protein in LDL

Explanation

Question 37 of 45

2

APOB is characterised by:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Being the main protein in LDL

  • Mutations of the apoB gene result in higher levels of LDLs in the blood.

  • Mutations of the apoB gene results in lower levels of LDL's in the blood.

Explanation

Question 38 of 45

2

APOE is characterised by:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Being the main component of HDLs and very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) which have the same function as HDLs.

  • Having 3 common alleles which produce 3 forms of the protein, E2,E3 and E4. APOE4 being the one that slows the removal of cholesterol from the blood.

  • not following the alphabet

Explanation

Question 39 of 45

1

A disorder caused by genes and lifestyle choices is called...

Select one of the following:

  • Multifactoral

  • confusion

Explanation

Question 40 of 45

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

A ( high, low ) salt diet causes kidneys to retain water. Higher fluid levels in the blood leads to ( high, low ) blood pressure with associated CVD risks. Salt also causes arteries to lose ( elasticity, recoil ) which makes damage more likely.

Explanation

Question 41 of 45

1

Smoking is another major risk factor in CVD. The haemoglobin in blood cells carries from the smoke instead of oxygen. This reduces the supply of oxygen to cells. This will result in heart rate as the body reacts to provide enough oxygen for the cells. Nicotine in smoke stimulates the production of the hormone , causing an increase in heart rate and causing arteries and arterioles to , raising blood pressure. The chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the arteries, causing . Smoking has also been linked with a reduction in HDL cholesterol.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    red
    white
    carbon monoxide
    carbon dioxide
    increased
    decreased
    adrenaline
    oestrogen
    constrict
    dilate
    atherosclerosis
    stroke

Explanation

Question 42 of 45

4

is another risk factor for CVD. Moderate exercise helps prevent and can help to lower it. Exercise also seems to raise cholesterol without affecting LDL cholesterol levels. It also reduces the chance of developing and helps in controlling the condition. A person who is physically active is much more likely to survive a heart attack or stroke compared with someone who has been inactive.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Inactivity
    high blood pressure
    HDL
    type II diabetes

Explanation

Question 43 of 45

3

is another risk factor contributing to CVD. In stressful situations, release of causes arteries and arterioles to constrict leading to high blood pressure. Stress can also lead to a from overeating and higher alcohol consumption.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Stress
    adrenaline
    poor diet

Explanation

Question 44 of 45

6

is another risk factor contributing to CVD. Heavy drinking raises blood pressure, contributes to and can cause heartbeat. Excess consumption can result in direct tissue damage, such as to the liver, heart and brain which increases the risk of CVD. A damaged liver impairs its ability to remove glucose and from the blood. The liver converts alcohol into , a 3 carbon carbohydrate. Most of the ethanal is used in respiration but some may end up in which leads to an increased risk of plaque deposition.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Alcohol
    obesity
    irregular
    lipids
    ethanal
    very-low-density-lipoproteins

Explanation

Question 45 of 45

4

The consequences of obesity are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • increased risk of CHD and stroke

  • increased risk of type II diabetes

  • raised blood pressure

  • elevated blood lipid levels

  • unhappiness

Explanation

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