INFLUENCE LATIN ON ENGLISH
LOANS CALQUES
https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/index.html
0 PERIOD
CONTINENTAL BORROWINGS
WAR: CAMP, PIT
TRADE AND FOOD: VINEGAR, WINE, MUST, CIEPAN(BUY), CYSE, CIRIS
DOMESTIC LIFE: CANDLE, CYCENE (KITCHEN)
BUILDING ARTS: COPPER (COPOR), STRAAT
1ST PERIOD. 300 YEARS little influence
ROMAN CONQUEST
ROMANISATION
55 BC
43 AD
61 AD (BOUDICCA)
122-130 AD HADRIAN WALLS
2ND PERIOD: O.E. 500 YS. extensive influence, habit of borrowing
GERMANIC INVASIONS+CHRISTIANISATION
597 AUGUSTINE
8TH c. INTELLECTUAL LEADERSHIP--DANES
BENEDICTINE REFORM 10TH.11TH C.
EARLIER BORROWINGS
2ND PERIOD
LATER BORROWINGS
BENEDICTINE REFORM
LEARNED
RELIGIOUS
LITERARY WORDS
3RD PERIOD 1150-1500
NORMAN CONQUEST-PRESS
FRENCH AND LATIN
WRITTEN
press: Claxton 1476
translations classics, translation Bible Wycliffe 14th c.
CONCLUSION
AS everyday language
Latin more formal
implications for learners with Span as 1st language
BIBLIOGRAPHY
15th century onwards
In the fifteenth century in the light of the humanist tradition and the renewed interest in Latin and Greek the study of classical rhetoricists and grammarians lead to a series of works on English which lasted until well into the 18th century. The authors of these works are called orthoepists. All of them are of a prescriptive nature; nonetheless they contributed to various aspects of the standardisation of English, for example in the sphere of lexis (vocabulary). At the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century the dispute known as the Inkhorn Controversy raged: here the adherents of classical borrowing to an inordinate degree engaged in learned squabbles with those who wished to avoid an alienation of English vocabulary by wholesale borrowing from the classical languages Latin and Greek.
17th and 18th centuries
Another factor in the development of the standard in English is the lexicographical work done on English. This starts at the beginning of the 17th century (1604) and culminates in the famous English dictionary by Samuel Johnson (1755) wh
2) BORROWING WORDS FROM A FURTHER LANGUAGE This is a very common process which is attested for all periods of the history of English or any other language for that matter. The reasons for borrowing are basically twofold. On the one hand there may be a necessity for a foreign word, to fill a gap so to speak. This is the case with many adjectival formations in the Early Modern English period which were coined on the basis of classical stems and which provided a form either not available in English at the time or not appropriate, e.g. marine as an adjective to sea; pedestrian to walk : walker; equestrian to horse (horsy means ‘like a horse in manner or gait'); aquatic to water, etc.
The second reason for borrowing is because of the relative prestige (social standing) of the speakers using the donor language. This was the case with many French loans in European languages in the 18th century and is often the reason with loans from English in German today. However, loans made for this reason will only survive in the language if there is a semantic justification for them, i.e. if th
