hw5

Question 1 of 42

1

A study had participants listen to a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording made it difficult for participants to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier. The results of this study illustrate the importance of _____ in forming long-term memories.

Select one of the following:

an organizational context during learning
deep processing during encoding
implicit memory during learning
imagery during encoding

Explanation

Question 2 of 42

1

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Select one of the following:

spreading activation
semantic network
hierarchical
connectionist

Explanation

Question 3 of 42

1

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;

Select one of the following:

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long-term memories.
lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.
lead to effective autobiographical memories.
cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.

Explanation

Question 4 of 42

1

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called;

Select one of the following:

transfer-appropriate processing.
elaborative rehearsal.
episodic retrieval.
personal semantic memory.

Explanation

Question 5 of 42

1

The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with;

Select one of the following:

changes in specialized areas of the brain.
both changes at the synapse, and long-term potentiation
long-term potentiation.
changes at the synapse.

Explanation

Question 6 of 42

1

According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _ and is tested _.

Select one of the following:

auditorially : auditorially
auditorially : semanticall
semantically : auditorially
semantically : visually

Explanation

Question 7 of 42

1

Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?

Select one of the following:

Representations of concepts are created over multiple learning trials.
It is modeled after neural networks in the brain.
Info is store locally.
Concepts are represented by patterns of activation in the network.

Explanation

Question 8 of 42

1

Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.

Select one of the following:

prototype
definitional
exemplar
family resemblance

Explanation

Question 9 of 42

1

According to the typicality effect;

Select one of the following:

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.
objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.
objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.

Explanation

Question 10 of 42

1

If you were to say “A German Shepherd” is my idea of a typical kind of dog”, you’d be using the _____ approach to categorization.

Select one of the following:

family resemblance
definintional
exemplar
prototype

Explanation

Question 11 of 42

1

Which of the following is is the best example of a basic level category?

Select one of the following:

Transportation
truck
pickup truck
Vehicle

Explanation

Question 12 of 42

1

Which of the following members most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the “bird” category?

Select one of the following:

Sparrow
Hummingbird
Penguin
Duck
Raven

Explanation

Question 13 of 42

1

Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.

Select one of the following:

recent and remote semantic
remote semantic
recent and remote episodic
recent episodic

Explanation

Question 14 of 42

1

Mantyla’s “banana/yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;

Select one of the following:

by agreement among many people, to show they are effective.
using visual images.
by a memory expert who knows what will be effective.
by the person whose memory will be tested.

Explanation

Question 15 of 42

1

Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in;

Select one of the following:

procedural memory.
long-term memory storage.
working memory
long-term memory acquisition.

Explanation

Question 16 of 42

1

Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the;

Select one of the following:

neurotransmitters
synapse.
presynaptic neuron.
postsynaptic neuron.

Explanation

Question 17 of 42

1

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Select one of the following:

Each one is sometimes effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances

Explanation

Question 18 of 42

1

Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network;

Select one of the following:

connection weights.
nodes
output units.
hidden units.

Explanation

Question 19 of 42

1

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

Select one of the following:

cognitive economy
spreading activation
back propagation
typicality

Explanation

Question 20 of 42

1

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can’t help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her;

Select one of the following:

prefrontal cortex.
amygdala.
thalamus
medial temporal lobe.

Explanation

Question 21 of 42

1

_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more
permanent state in which they are resistant to this.

Select one of the following:

Amnesia.
Cued-recal
Consolidation
Encoding specificity

Explanation

Question 22 of 42

1

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: “The property _ is stored at the _
node.”

Select one of the following:

can fly : bird
has feathers : ostrich
can fly : canary
bird : penguin

Explanation

Question 23 of 42

1

Recent research on memory, based largely on classical conditioning of a fear response in rats, indicates that;

Select one of the following:

fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Explanation

Question 24 of 42

1

The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is;

Select one of the following:

strongly active when memories are first formed and consolidated, but less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long agon and are already consolidated.
strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and consolidated.

Explanation

Question 25 of 42

1

_____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

Select one of the following:

A concept
An exemplar
A definition
A prototype
A unit

Explanation

Question 26 of 42

1

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different identification task when presented with “good” examples of colors such as red and green, than when presented with “poor” examples such as fuschia or teal. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

Select one of the following:

parallel processing
exemplar
prototype
network

Explanation

Question 27 of 42

1

The example of a brief episode of retrograde amnesia, such as when a football player is hit particularly hard and can’t recall the last play, reflects;

Select one of the following:

Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
disrupted long-term potentiation.
a failure of memory consolidation.
temporary PTSD.

Explanation

Question 28 of 42

1

Which of these statements best describes Levels of Processing theory?

Select one of the following:

Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events
People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better encoding
Info enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory

Explanation

Question 29 of 42

1

Which of the following is MOST CLOSELY modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Select one of the following:

The prototype approach.
Semantic network theory.
Parallel distributed processing theory.
enhancement due to priming.

Explanation

Question 30 of 42

1

_____ is an average representation of the members of a category.

Select one of the following:

An exemplar
A component
A unit
A prototype
a characteristic

Explanation

Question 31 of 42

1

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have all the characteristic properties of chairs is known as;

Select one of the following:

graded membership.
prototypicality
instance theory.
family resemblance.

Explanation

Question 32 of 42

1

Which of the following examples best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Select one of the following:

Alexis always has test anxiety; to combat it, she tries to relax when studying. She feels that it’s best to do this in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Last night at the grocery store, Carlos ran into the psychology professor he took a class from three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
Although Emily doesn’t often think about her first boyfriend, she can’t help but have memories of him when “their song” (the first song they danced to) comes on the radio.
Even though Walter hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of summers there when he was little.

Explanation

Question 33 of 42

1

Retrograde amnesia is typically less severe for _____ memories.

Select one of the following:

emotional
episodic
semantic
recent
remote

Explanation

Question 34 of 42

1

According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the “psychologically privileged” level of category reflecting people’s everyday experience.

Select one of the following:

Prototypical
Superordinate
Subordinate
Basic

Explanation

Question 35 of 42

1

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as;

Select one of the following:

Repetition Priming
The self-generation effect
encoding specificity
memory consolidation

Explanation

Question 36 of 42

1

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because;

Select one of the following:

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
pictures fit better with our sensory functions and are therefore easier to learn.
people like pictures better than words, so there is enhancement from an emotional response
the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.

Explanation

Question 37 of 42

1

According to Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a list of words?

Select one of the following:

Repeating the words over in your mind
Generating a rhyme for each word to be remembered.
Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned.
Counting the number of vowels in each word.

Explanation

Question 38 of 42

1

Jenkins & Russell (1952) presented a list of words such as “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to participants. When tested, they recalled the words in a different order. This happened because of the;

Select one of the following:

ways objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
effect of proactive interference.
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound characteristics.

Explanation

Question 39 of 42

1

Jeanne loves to dance, and has done ballet for many years. She’s now learning Salsa; although the steps are very different from what she’s familiar with, she’s developed a strategy of linking the new steps she’s learning with her previous experiences in ballet and her own love of dancing. This is a _____ encoding strategy.

Select one of the following:

semantic memory
mass practice
self-reference
integrative experience
procedural memory

Explanation

Question 40 of 42

1

Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is
_____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird”.

Select one of the following:

faster than
slower than
the same as

Explanation

Question 41 of 42

1

Kim and Laura have been studying most of the evening for their psychology exam the following day. Both are tired of studying; Kim decides to go to bed and get some sleep, while Laura decides to watch a movie. Based on this info, who do you think will do better on their psychology exam the next day?

Select one of the following:

Kim does better because of reactivation.
Kim does better because of encoding specificity.
Laura does better because of encoding specificity
Laura does better because of reactivation.

Explanation

Question 42 of 42

1

Hebb’s idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of;

Select one of the following:

an increase in the size of the cell bodies of neurons.
increased transmission efficiency between the neurons.
larger electrical impulses in the synapse.

	Created by Nikhil Bajaj over 7 years ago

cognitive science Quiz on hw5, created by Nikhil Bajaj on 11/29/2016.

Question 1 of 42

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 42

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 42

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 42

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 42

The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 42

According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 42

Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 42

Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 42

According to the typicality effect;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 42

If you were to say “A German Shepherd” is my idea of a typical kind of dog”, you’d be using the _____ approach to categorization.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 42

Which of the following is is the best example of a basic level category?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 42

Which of the following members most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the “bird” category?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 42

Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 42

Mantyla’s “banana/yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 42

Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 42

Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 42

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 42

Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network;

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 42

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 42

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can’t help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her;

Select one of the following:

According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _ and is tested _.

_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more
permanent state in which they are resistant to this.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: “The property _ is stored at the _
node.”

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have all the characteristic properties of chairs is known as;