Nikhil Bajaj
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cognitive science Quiz on hw7, created by Nikhil Bajaj on 11/30/2016.

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Nikhil Bajaj
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hw7

Question 1 of 40

1

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make “warmth” judgments every 15 sec.
to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to;

Select one of the following:

  • show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.

  • demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

  • show that some problems are easier to solve than others.

  • measure the time-course of solving well defined vs. ill defined problems.

Explanation

Question 2 of 40

1

Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps;

Select one of the following:

  • restructuring, simulating, surfacing.

  • restructuring, searching, and simulating.

  • surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.

  • noticing, mapping, and applying.

Explanation

Question 3 of 40

1

Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to
work each morning, but it’s now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the
closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north, even though it’s a little longer, it would be
an example of;

Select one of the following:

  • divergent thinking.

  • ill-formed source problem.

  • a mental set

  • single dissociation

Explanation

Question 4 of 40

1

A heuristic is;

Select one of the following:

  • a quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost
    of accuracy.

  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the
    negative.

  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.

  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.

Explanation

Question 5 of 40

1

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represent the _____ problem.

Select one of the following:

  • exemplar

  • source

  • target

  • prototype

Explanation

Question 6 of 40

1

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the;

Select one of the following:

  • source story.

  • intermediate state.

  • initial state.

  • goal state.

Explanation

Question 7 of 40

1

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in
an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving
techniques. This an example of _____ research.

Select one of the following:

  • environmental functional fixedness

  • in-vivo problem solving

  • situationally produced mental set

  • think-aloud protocol

Explanation

Question 8 of 40

1

Kaplan and Simon’s experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main
purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that;

Select one of the following:

  • people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but are more methodical
    when working on a non-insight problem.

  • the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving.

  • a person’s mental set can hinder their finding a solution to a problem.

  • people often have to backtrack in the problem space to arrive at the correct answer.

Explanation

Question 9 of 40

1

Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem is
NOT true?

Select one of the following:

  • Experts spend more time analyzing problems than novices.

  • Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

  • Experts possess more knowledge than novices

  • Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

Explanation

Question 10 of 40

1

Jack is a psychology grad student preparing for his dissertation. Faced with an extensive list of research articles to consider, he excludes many from consideration because they don’t consider findings he and his adviser published together in previous papers, and as such, aren’t up to date on the most current theories on the topic; those of Jack
and his adviser. This exclusion of info is an example of the;

Select one of the following:

  • the conjunction rule

  • representativeness heuristic

  • hindsight bias

  • myside bias

Explanation

Question 11 of 40

1

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n);

Select one of the following:

  • object with a specific function.

  • familiar object.

  • novel object

  • frequently used object.

Explanation

Question 12 of 40

1

Newell and Simon’s early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving;

Select one of the following:

  • algorithms.

  • heuristics.

  • insight.

  • search.

Explanation

Question 13 of 40

1

_____ identified people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving
at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.

Select one of the following:

  • The analogical problem solving
    approach.

  • Information processing psychologists

  • Gestalt psychologists

  • Psychophysicists

Explanation

Question 14 of 40

1

Decisions based on _____ are usually going to be correct, but there’s always the chance they could be mistaken.

Select one of the following:

  • representative observations

  • algorithmic reasoning

  • inductive reasoning

  • heuristic reasoning

Explanation

Question 15 of 40

1

The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves;

Select one of the following:

  • sensory operators.

  • continuity and form.

  • multiple goal states.

  • reorganization or restructuring.

Explanation

Question 16 of 40

1

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _____ state.

Select one of the following:

  • functional fixedness

  • intermediate

  • initial

  • goal

Explanation

Question 17 of 40

1

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was
cancelled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons,
she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons
represents;

Select one of the following:

  • divergent thinking.

  • insight.

  • hierarchical organization

  • convergent thinking.

Explanation

Question 18 of 40

1

The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine;

Select one of the following:

  • how a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a
    beginner.

  • what info a person is attending to while solving a problem.

  • which people can be considered more creative in their problem solving.

  • how to develop computer programs tha tbest mimic human problem solving

Explanation

Question 19 of 40

1

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the
book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because;

Select one of the following:

  • the solution is immediately obvious.

  • the initial state is not clearly defined.

  • there is an obstacle between the present state and goal state.

  • the goal state is not clearly defined.

Explanation

Question 20 of 40

1

The _____ is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is
actually a member of a different group.

Select one of the following:

  • illusory correlation

  • stereotype

  • availability heuristic

  • representativeness heuristic

Explanation

Question 21 of 40

1

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as;

Select one of the following:

  • analogical transfer.

  • analogical encoding.

  • in-vivo problem solving.

  • insight.

Explanation

Question 22 of 40

1

The _____ states that the probability of two events occuring together cannot be higher than the probability of either
even occurring alone.

Select one of the following:

  • representativeness heuristic

  • law of large numbers

  • rule of averages

  • conjunction rule

Explanation

Question 23 of 40

1

_____ is the behavioral tendency to avoid _____.

Select one of the following:

  • Calculated risk : unnecessary risks

  • Risk aversion : calculated risks

  • Risk aversion : unnecessary risks

  • Unnecessary risk : risk aversion

Explanation

Question 24 of 40

1

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called;

Select one of the following:

  • sub-goals.

  • intermediate states.

  • mental sets.

  • operators.

Explanation

Question 25 of 40

1

In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the _____
problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.

Select one of the following:

  • exemplar : source

  • target : source

  • prototype : target

  • source : target

Explanation

Question 26 of 40

1

Insight refers to;

Select one of the following:

  • prior learning facilitating problem solving

  • prior learning hindering problem solving.

  • the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience

  • the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Explanation

Question 27 of 40

1

_____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population
the sample is drawn from.

Select one of the following:

  • Inductive reasoning

  • Number of observations

  • Representativeness of observations

  • Quality of evidence

Explanation

Question 28 of 40

1

The base rate is;

Select one of the following:

  • the relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population

  • that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the
    population.

  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that
    event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.

  • that the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability
    of either event occurring alone.

Explanation

Question 29 of 40

1

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinger solution of a problem?

Select one of the following:

  • The radiation problem.

  • Mutilated checkerboard.

  • Tower of Hanoi.

  • Two-string.

Explanation

Question 30 of 40

1

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a
problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from;

Select one of the following:

  • seeing more efficient solutions.

  • being able to solve other problems.

  • discriminating between well and ill-defined problems.

  • understanding why the procedure is successful.

Explanation

Question 31 of 40

1

The _____ is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to the event, rather than
the actual frequency of all instances of that event.

Select one of the following:

  • availability heuristic

  • illusory correlation

  • representativeness heuristic

  • stereotype

Explanation

Question 32 of 40

1

Experts categorize problems based on;

Select one of the following:

  • event-specific knowledge.

  • how similar the objects in the problem
    are.

  • surface and deep structures

  • general principles the problems share.

Explanation

Question 33 of 40

1

The Gestaltist’s “circle problem” in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed
to illustrate;

Select one of the following:

  • how analogies can be used to solve problems.

  • means-end analysis.

  • representation and restructuring.

  • the problem space.

Explanation

Question 34 of 40

1

_____ is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.

Select one of the following:

  • Selfishness

  • Expected utility theory

  • Statistical illiteracy

  • Utilitarianism

Explanation

Question 35 of 40

1

The solution to the “candle problem” involves realizing that the;

Select one of the following:

  • candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally.

  • candle can be cut in half.

  • match box can be used as a shelf.

  • match box can be used as a container for tacks.

Explanation

Question 36 of 40

1

____ refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a
conclusion.

Select one of the following:

  • Deductive reasoning

  • Quality of evidence

  • Number of observations

  • Representativeness of observations

Explanation

Question 37 of 40

1

Confirmation bias is;

Select one of the following:

  • the relative frequency at which an event occurs in the population.

  • where we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it.

  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that
    event, rather than the frequency of all instances of that event.

  • the probability of two events occurring together cannot be greater than the probability of
    either event occurring alone.

Explanation

Question 38 of 40

1

An algorithm is;

Select one of the following:

  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.

  • A quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost
    of accuracy.

  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.

  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the
    negative.

Explanation

Question 39 of 40

1

The “fortress problem” involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the “radiation problem” involves a tumor
and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different;

Select one of the following:

  • surface features.

  • mental sets.

  • operators.

  • structural features.

Explanation

Question 40 of 40

1

The _____ states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the
population it’s drawn from.

Select one of the following:

  • representativeness heuristic

  • law of large numbers

  • conjuction rule

  • rule of averages

Explanation

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