Grace Colette
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Exam Psychology (PSY 325) Quiz on Midterm 1 (2016), created by Grace Colette on 12/12/2016.

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Grace Colette
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Midterm 1 (2016)

Question 1 of 60

1

As discussed in class lecture, health psychologists propose that "health" is best described as a(n) _____.

Select one of the following:

  • positive state of mental, social, and physical well-being

  • absence of illness

  • absence of disease risks

  • lack of a terminal condition

  • positive state of increased longevity

Explanation

Question 2 of 60

1

During the action potential, the neuron is _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. sending a message down the axon

  • B. undergoing transfer of sodium and potassium ions across the axonal membrane

  • C. actively preparing to fire an action potential, but not actually doing so

  • D. A & B

  • E. B & C

Explanation

Question 3 of 60

1

In discussing the illness and health continuum, Aaron Antonovsky emphasized the importance of focusing on _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. new treatments for biological disease

  • B. new treatments for psychological disease

  • C. what makes people sick

  • D. what keeps people well

  • E. A & B

Explanation

Question 4 of 60

1

Which of the following has been identified as a risk factor for cancer?

Select one of the following:

  • A. excessive alcohol use

  • B. high fat diet

  • C. cigarette smoking

  • D. B & C

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 5 of 60

1

An epidemiologist writes a report on the total number of previously reported and new cases of AIDS for the past 5 years. He is reporting on the disease's _____.

Select one of the following:

  • prevalence

  • morbidity

  • incidence

  • mortality

Explanation

Question 6 of 60

1

In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • reinforcement; punishment

  • behavior; consequence

  • conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

  • unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

  • conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Explanation

Question 7 of 60

1

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • reinforcement; punishment

  • behavior; consequence

  • conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

  • unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

  • conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Explanation

Question 8 of 60

1

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells are similar in that they are all types of _____.

Select one of the following:

  • neurons in the central nervous system

  • neurons in the peripheral nervous system

  • glia in the central nervous system

  • glia in the peripheral nervous system

  • cells in the immune system

Explanation

Question 9 of 60

1

According to Matarazzo, health-protective habits are known as _____, whereas health-impairing habits are known as
_____.

Select one of the following:

  • behavioral antigens; behavioral antibodies

  • behavioral pathogens; behavioral immunogens

  • behavioral antibodies; behavioral antigens

  • behavioral immunogens; behavioral pathogens

Explanation

Question 10 of 60

1

Myelin is a fatty, white insulating material that wraps around _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. axons

  • B. cell bodies

  • C. dendrites

  • D. A & B

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 11 of 60

1

To study the effects of antioxidant consumption on heart disease, 200 healthy individuals, 17-21 years of age, are
recruited to participate in a study that will track their antioxidant intake and heart-disease incidence for 40 years. This
study is an example of a _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. quasi-experimental study

  • B. prospective study

  • C. retrospective study

  • D. A & B

  • E. A & C

Explanation

Question 12 of 60

1

That speech production and language comprehension are processed in different parts of the neocortex is evidence of
_____.

Select one of the following:

  • neuroplasticity of brain function

  • generalization of brain function

  • localization of brain function

  • redundancy of brain function

Explanation

Question 13 of 60

1

Which is true of phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Select one of the following:

  • It is an autoimmune disorder

  • It is caused by the addition of an extra chromosome

  • Its effects on the brain can be greatly reduced by dietary restriction

  • It occurs more often in women than in men

  • It is an endocrine system disorder

Explanation

Question 14 of 60

1

In the nervous system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • neurotransmitter and ion channel

  • neurotransmitter and synaptic cleft

  • neurotransmitter and neuron

  • neurotransmitter and postsynaptic receptor

Explanation

Question 15 of 60

1

In the endocrine system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • hormone and ductless gland

  • hormone and ducted gland

  • hormone and receptor on the target cell

  • hormone and ion channel

Explanation

Question 16 of 60

1

During the stress response, the adrenal medulla releases _____ and the adrenal cortex releases _____.

Select one of the following:

  • cortisol; adrenaline

  • adrenaline; cortisol

  • adrenaline; noradrenaline

  • noradrenaline; adrenaline

  • opioids; cortisol

Explanation

Question 17 of 60

1

In the process of neural communication, neurotransmitters, themselves, _____.

Select one of the following:

  • transmit messages down the axon

  • can inhibit, but not excite the postsynaptic cell

  • can excite, but not inhibit the postsynaptic cell

  • can excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell

Explanation

Question 18 of 60

1

The presence of a positive feedback loop in the system that induces birthing contractions during labor indicates
that the system _____.

Select one of the following:

  • produces pleasurable effects in the parturient female

  • is associated with excitatory neurotransmitter action

  • produces change rather than balance

  • facilitates homeostasis

  • creates excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the target cells

Explanation

Question 19 of 60

1

Neurons in the hippocampus (“seahorse”) are involved in _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. Memory consolidation

  • B. spatial navigation

  • C. feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating

  • D. transfer of sensory information to the neocortex

  • E. A & B

Explanation

Question 20 of 60

1

During the stress response, analgesia (pain relief) is caused mainly via endogenous _____ release.

Select one of the following:

  • glucocorticoid

  • catecholamine

  • reproductive hormone

  • opioid

  • adrenaline and noradrenaline

Explanation

Question 21 of 60

1

The condition called _____ produces resting tremors, bradykinesia (slow movement), rigid posture, and impaired
coordination that result from cell destruction in the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • multiple sclerosis; substantia nigra

  • Parkinson’s disease; substantia nigra

  • multiple sclerosis; striatum

  • Parkinson’s disease; striatum

  • epilepsy; nigrostriatal pathway

Explanation

Question 22 of 60

1

Cognitive restructuring (e.g., modifying the way we view stressors in life so as to diminish or eliminate deleterious
effects on the health of our magnificent brains) is an example of _____.

Select one of the following:

  • cognitive behavior-focused coping

  • behavioral cognitive-focused coping

  • cognitive emotion-focused coping

  • behavioral emotion-focused coping

Explanation

Question 23 of 60

1

Which of the following is true regarding the role of emotions in health and illness?

Select one of the following:

  • A. People with positive emotions take better care of their health

  • B. Fear prevents some people from obtaining medical care

  • C. Recovery from illness can be affected by emotions

  • D. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 24 of 60

1

For what reasons are women thought to live longer than are men?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Men have greater physiological reactivity when under stress and this contributes to greater likelihood of
    coronary heart disease

  • B. Estrogen levels in women delay heart disease by reducing blood cholesterol levels and platelet clotting

  • C. Men smoke more cigarettes and drink more alcohol, which increases the risk for cardiovascular disease,
    respiratory disease, cancer, and cirrhosis

  • D. Men are less likely to seek medical care

  • E. A, B, C & D

Explanation

Question 25 of 60

1

In an experiment designed to investigate the effects of stress-inoculation training on blood pressure in people with
Type A personality, the dependent variable is _____.

Select one of the following:

  • stress-inoculation training

  • blood pressure

  • Type A personality

  • persons with Type A personality

Explanation

Question 26 of 60

1

According to Hans Selye (the Father of Stress Research), the immediate mobilization of defenses to handle the
demands of a stressor occurs during the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.

Select one of the following:

  • conflict

  • opposition

  • alarm

  • resistance

  • challenge

Explanation

Question 27 of 60

1

According to class lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Select one of the following:

  • A. The stress response is the product of natural selection

  • B. Stressors are always negative

  • C. Stress can be alleviated (lessened) with good coping skills

  • D. B & C

  • E. A & C

Explanation

Question 28 of 60

1

Which statement is TRUE about psychophysiological (i.e., psychosomatic) disorders?

Select one of the following:

  • A. They are associated with no real physical impairment

  • B. They reflect “faking” on the part of the sufferer

  • C. They are unrelated to psychological factors

  • D. They are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 29 of 60

1

According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as a (potential) stressor?

Select one of the following:

  • A. trauma

  • B. cortisol release

  • C. adrenaline release

  • D. B & C

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 30 of 60

1

According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as stress?

Select one of the following:

  • A. trauma

  • B. cortisol release

  • C. adrenaline release

  • D. B & C

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 31 of 60

1

Which of the following is NOT an example of primary prevention?

Select one of the following:

  • using a condom during sexual intercourse

  • engaging in regular exercise

  • getting pre-conception genetic counseling

  • taking a prescribed medicine to treat diabetes type I

Explanation

Question 32 of 60

1

As coined by McEwan, “allostatic load” refers to _____.

Select one of the following:

  • the physiological costs caused by chronic activation of the stress response

  • the physiological benefits caused by acute activation of the stress response

  • the physiological state of balance achieved when the demands of the stressor are equivalent to the resources of
    the individual facing the stressor

  • the psychological state of imbalance that occurs when the fight-or-flight response is activated

Explanation

Question 33 of 60

1

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during _____.

Select one of the following:

  • parasympathetic nervous system activation

  • energy conservation

  • stress

  • rest-and-digest processes

Explanation

Question 34 of 60

1

Compared to the effects of the endocrine system, those of the nervous system are _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. more precise

  • B. more rapid

  • C. longer lasting

  • D. A & B

  • E. B & C

Explanation

Question 35 of 60

1

The main cell types of the central nervous system are _____; the main cell types of the peripheral nervous
system are _____.

Select one of the following:

  • neurons; glia

  • glia; neurons

  • neurons AND glia; neurons AND glia

  • sensory and motor neurons; interneurons

Explanation

Question 36 of 60

1

According to Lazarus’ Transactional Model, stress arises from a person’s _____.

Select one of the following:

  • cognitive appraisal of events

  • negative life events

  • everyday hassles

  • lack of physical health

  • genetically determined reactivity to stressors

Explanation

Question 37 of 60

1

People with positive self-esteem may experience less stress because _____.

Select one of the following:

  • demands are perceived as challenges rather than threats in these individuals

  • threatening situations cause more analgesia in these individuals

  • people with positive self-esteem engage in very little secondary appraisal

  • self-confidence is associated with a hardy Type S personality

Explanation

Question 38 of 60

1

Compared to people with Type B personality, people with Type A personality are ___.

Select one of the following:

  • less likely to develop coronary heart disease

  • more likely to develop coronary heart disease

  • equally likely to develop coronary heart disease

  • less likely to experience time urgency

Explanation

Question 39 of 60

1

The most stressful occupations are those that involve _____.

Select one of the following:

  • low demands and low control

  • low demands and high control

  • high demands and low contro

  • high demands and high control

Explanation

Question 40 of 60

1

Conflict theory emphasizes the impact of _____ on all major health decisions.

Select one of the following:

  • only rational thinking

  • only irrational thinking

  • both rational and irrational thinking

  • neither rational nor irrational thinking

Explanation

Question 41 of 60

1

According to the health belief model, women who have annual mammograms to detect breast cancer _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. believe that they are susceptible to breast cancer

  • B. believe that developing breast cancer would cause serious consequences

  • C. believe that the benefits of having annual mammograms outweigh the costs

  • D. A & C

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 42 of 60

1

The largest white matter structure in the brain is the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • central sulcus

  • longitudinal fissure

  • corpus callosum

  • limbic cortex

  • neocortex

Explanation

Question 43 of 60

1

Allowing workers to have some control over their work hours, which tasks to work on, and the order in which they
perform the tasks are ways to _____ in workers.

Select one of the following:

  • increase pessimistic attributional style

  • promote the use of intellectualization as a coping strategy

  • activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

  • enhance personal control

Explanation

Question 44 of 60

1

The presence of quality social support has been linked to _____.

Select one of the following:

  • A. lower coronary heart risk

  • B. fewer pregnancy complications

  • C. lower mortality rate

  • D. quicker recovery from illness

  • E. A, B, C & D

Explanation

Question 45 of 60

1

In research, a “double blind” design eliminates/reduces _____ effects.

Select one of the following:

  • A. participant expectancy

  • B. experimenter expectancy

  • C. confounding variable

  • D. A & B

  • E. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 46 of 60

1

The notion that social support is beneficial to health regardless of stress level is called the _____ hypothesis.

Select one of the following:

  • buffering

  • health belief

  • direct effects

  • generalizability

  • global network

Explanation

Question 47 of 60

1

Problem-focused coping is LEAST likely to be used under which of the following situations?

Select one of the following:

  • destruction of property due to a hurricane

  • loss of a loved one

  • final exams

  • job loss

  • interpersonal conflict

Explanation

Question 48 of 60

1

Stress and BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor, which promotes the growth of new neurons) are related in some
brain regions such that increased stress is linked to decreased BDNF. This relationship illustrates a _____.

Select one of the following:

  • positive correlation

  • negative correlation

  • neutral correlation

  • causal correlation

Explanation

Question 49 of 60

1

According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.

Select one of the following:

  • self-efficacy

  • social norms

  • perceived behavioral control

  • emotional stability

  • intention

Explanation

Question 50 of 60

1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a useful scientific theory?

Select one of the following:

  • It enables predictions that can be empirically tested.

  • It relates information that previously seemed to be unrelated.

  • It is unchanging in the face of new data.

  • It organizes accepted facts in a coherent way.

Explanation

Question 51 of 60

1

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between psychosocial factors and heart
disease?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Cardiac patients with strong social support recover faster and survive longer than do cardiac patients with little
    social support.

  • B. Pre-existing family problems can be exacerbated by a heart attack.

  • C. Unhealthy family dynamics can promote cardiac problems.

  • D. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 52 of 60

1

In what way are multiple sclerosis and diabetes type I similar?

Select one of the following:

  • They are both characterized by underactive immune systems.

  • They are both endocrine disorders.

  • They are both peripheral nervous system disorders.

  • They are both autoimmune disorders.

  • They are both characterized by decreased insulin release from the pancreas.

Explanation

Question 53 of 60

1

People who have an _____ locus of control believe that their own decisions and behaviors affect their outcomes, and
people with such a belief system generally experience _____ physical and psychological health.

Select one of the following:

  • external; better

  • external; worse

  • internal; better

  • internal; worse

Explanation

Question 54 of 60

1

Actions taken to help a patient manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease,
cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain are generally referred to as _____.

Select one of the following:

  • primary prevention

  • secondary prevention

  • tertiary prevention

  • quaternary prevention

Explanation

Question 55 of 60

1

According to class lecture, which of the following is TRUE about the effects of exercise?

Select one of the following:

  • A. Regular exercise lowers cardiovascular reactivity and decreases likelihood of hypertension

  • B. Less illness is noted in those who exercise more

  • C. Stress has less of a deleterious impact on the health of fit people

  • D. Exercise may slow the progression of certain brain disorders

  • E. A, B, C & D

Explanation

Question 56 of 60

1

Who coined the terms homeostasis and fight-or-flight response?

Select one of the following:

  • Albert Einstein

  • Hans Selye

  • Richard Lazarus

  • Walter Cannon

  • Sir Isaac Newton

Explanation

Question 57 of 60

1

Positive reinforcement _____ the chances that a behavior will recur; negative reinforcement _____ the chances
that a behavior will recur. (Please read this question very carefully!)

Select one of the following:

  • increases; decreases

  • decreases; increases

  • increases; increases

  • decreases; decreases

Explanation

Question 58 of 60

1

The nursing home residents who were given greater control over their lives in the Langer and Rodin (1976) study
(i.e., they had a plant to tend and could help to plan the menu) were more likely to be _____ than were the control
condition participants a year and a half later.

Select one of the following:

  • deceased

  • alive and healthier

  • alive, but no healthier

  • a member of the community gardening team (Please do not pick this choice!)

Explanation

Question 59 of 60

1

According to the biopsychosocial model presented in lecture, health and disease outcomes flow directly from ____.
(Please note that the answer key is correct this time!)

Select one of the following:

  • A. biological factors

  • B. psychological factors

  • C. social factors

  • D. A, B & C

Explanation

Question 60 of 60

1

Brain coral gets its name from the fact that its outer covering (bark) resembles that of the _____.

Select one of the following:

  • corpus callosum

  • thalamus

  • tectum

  • spinal cord

  • neocortex

Explanation

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