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List five characteristics of the innate immune system that differ from the adaptive immune system.
List three physical barrier to immune challenges that the body has.
What is the general term for the receptors that distinguish non-self from self?
What are the molecular patterns recognised as non-self, comprised of combinations of sugars, some lipid-bearing molecules, or some nucleic acid motifs, called?
What does the innate immune system's accurate tendency to recognise PAMPs prevent?
What are the two main functions of the innate immune system?
How many microbes are present in the skin microbiota?
What is the epidermis?
What is the dermis?
What is psoriasin?
What are the antimicrobial biochemical properties of the skin useful for?
Which three bodily tracts and which organs use mucous membranes for physical protection against infection?
Which two layers of tissue does a mucous membrane consist of?
How does saliva protect against infection?
Other than saliva, what other protection does the alimentary tract offer against infection?
How is the lower respiratory tract protected against infection/colonisation?
How has influenza virus evolved to evade the defences of mucous membranes?
How has Neisseria gonorrhae evolved to evade the defences of the urogenital mucous membrane?
Give the general mechanism of adherence of bacteria to mucous membranes.
Name two initiators of the complement system that opsonise pathogens, stimulating both the complement pathway and phagocytosis.
Once a single phagocytic cell has phagocytosed a pathogen (having bound PAMPs to its PRR), what happens to recruit more immune cells?
What is the role of the dendritic cell in the immune response?
Generally speaking, what is complement?
Which two auxillary cell types are activated by complement to increase the immune response?
In the absence of C5, the convertase required for the formation of the membrane attack complex at the end of the complement cascade, which blood protein may substitute, creating an 'alternative' to the three existing complement activation pathways?
What are the three types of auxillary immune cells? Which is activated by neutrophils in an innate immune response?
Which inflammatory mediators are secreted by the auxillary innate immunity cells?
Why is the production of prostaglandins a delayed process?
What are chemokines?
Where are macrophages found?
Which soluble mediators are not very common but involved in antiviral protection?
Which is the main chemokine?
HINT: It mainly recruits neutrophils
Which fever-inducing cytokines are released by macropages, dendritic cells, and infected/damaged tissues?
Which soluble mediator encourages leukocytes out of the blood? Which then directs them to the infected site?
Give a rough description of acute phase protein function.
Invariably, the innate response is not quick or specific enough to completely avoid further spread of infection or development of symptoms - but what does it do?
A phagocyte will struggle to engulf an entire self cell (i.e. in the event of an intracellular infection such as a virus, or a cancer), or a pathogenic cell that is too big, so a different mechanism, cytotoxic cells, is required. Which are the two main innate immune cells involved?
Why are eosinophils only triggered in close proximity to their target cell?
What is the main target of eosinophils?
What are the main targets of natural killer cells?
Name a mononuclear, long-lived phagocyte.
Name a polymorphonuclear, short-lived phagocyte.
Why are phagocytes important alongside cytotoxic cells?
What are the three main stages of phagocytic function?
What happens to form a phagosome around a pathogen?
What may happen to fragments of phagocytosed pathogens after digestion?
Why is acidification important for phagocytes?
Name 4 substances that phagocytes produce in order to kill pathogens (other than acid and enzymes).
Which three components of immune attack or response to phagocytes have receptors for in order to activate them?
Is phagocytosis enhanced if more than one type of activator (antibody, PAMPs, complement) binds to a phagocyte, or is it a constant process?
What are PAMPs?
Are these TLR-PAMP interactions strain-specific?
What happens when a toll-like receptor recognises PAMPs?
Which toll-like receptors detect the following: peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, RNA, flagella, DNA?
B cells are primed and activated by...
T helper 1 cell differentiation is determined by...
Innate immunity primes adaptive immunity and innate immunity does what in a positive feedback loop?
In enhancing the innate immune response, what do Th1 cells do?
In enhancing the innate immune response, antibodies...
