Grugel and Piper, 2016

Economic globalization - destabilizes the nation state and place-based politics.

Migrant workers increase, but also ill-paid and vulnerable.

Receiving countries ( mostly resource rich) - establish immigration policies based on utilitarian rationale, selectively open entry routes and provides differential rights and entitlements. e.g complex visa categories,

migrant workers trap: restrictive destination countries and culture of emigration in sending countries. e.g south east asia p438 grugel and piper

Global civil society - reacting rather than setting agenda on labour issues.

Global governance of migration: Top-down or bottom-up processes.

Institutions and legal frameworks:
ILO, OHCHR ( I add UNHCR), and UN Convention on the Rights of All migrant workers and their families (hereafter CRM), ILO C97 of 1949 and C143 of 1975

Limitations of legal frameworks:
UN CRM - weakest in terms of ratification (least ratified of all core human rights conventions) and implementation
- knowledge of convention only spread because of civil society, thus highly invisible and not extended in public sphere in countries of origin or destination. "The concept of migrants' rights, esp. in destination countries, counts on very little public support." 441