How is the crime rate calculated in Canada?
By dividing the number of reported crimes by the total population.
By dividing the total population by the number of crimes.
By dividing the number of convictions by the number of crimes.
By dividing the number of reported crimes by the dark figure of crime.
What proportion of the population is used to express the crime rate in Canada?
100,000 persons in the population.
1,000 persons in the population.
1 million persons in the population.
100 persons in the population.
To change administrative records into usable criminal justice statistics, a number of methodological issues need to be considered. Which of the following is not one of those issues?
Researchers (who is collecting the data).
Definitions (how to define what is being counted).
Counting procedures (how to count units).
Units of count (what is being counted).
What does UCR stand for?
Unified Crime Registry.
Uniform Crime Registry.
United Crime Report.
Uniform Crime Report.
What is the seriousness rule?
The practice of counting only the most serious crime in an incident involving multiple crimes.
The practice of counting crime as a serious undertaking.
The practice of counting only the more serious offender if more than one person is involved in a crime.
The rule that guides the serious crime index.
Which of the following is one of the problems with the Canadian UCR?
Crime categories allow too many different kinds of acts to be recorded the same way.
Property offences are overemphasized.
It only records indictable offences and does not take into account summary conviction offences.
Several personal offences may be recorded as a single offence if they are part of the same serious crime incident.
Which of the following limitations of UCR surveys stems from the differences in Criminal Code charging policies between different police departments?
It does not become clear what type of crime is being counted.
Crime categories become too general.
It results in gross counts of crime that are misleading.
Police–reported crime rates become more a reflection of police practices and not the actual level of crime.
What is the main problem with UCR data that was addressed by the Crime Severity Index?
The UCR data suffered from validity and reliability issues.
The crime rate was being driven by high volumes of more serious offences.
There was insufficient information on the nature of violent crimes being recorded in UCR surveys.
More serious offences were not sufficiently represented in the overall crime rate.
Which of the following statistical techniques collects and analyzes data collected directly from people who have been effected by crime?
Victimization surveys
UCR2
Court surveys
UCR1
It is said that the main advantage that a victimization survey has over the UCR survey is that it captures many crimes not included in UCR data. Why is this the case?
A victimization survey is much more thorough than police–recorded statistics.
Many victims are not home when police collect data for the UCR survey.
Data produced from a victimization survey are calculated by trained statisticians while data from the UCR survey are not.
Many victims do not report crimes to police.
For which of the following types of crime would a victimization survey of young people most likely produce the most valid and reliable results?
Gambling.
Drug use.
Murder.
Vandalism.
According to the 2009 General Social Survey, about what percentage of Canadians felt somewhat or very satisfied with their personal safety?
Nine in ten.
Four in ten.
Five in ten.
Seven in ten.
What type of research method is based on the idea of going directly to people to ask them whether they have engaged in criminal activity?
Victimization surveys.
Self–report surveys.
Correctional data.
Police–reported crime surveys.
From which of the following research techniques can be used to gain the most complete picture of the characteristics of offenders?
Police data.
UCR statistics
Which of the following is not one of the dominant ways that statistics on crime are collected?
Surveys of police officers.
Self–report studies.
Police–reported data (Uniform Crime Reports).
When criminologists discover two phenomena that appear to be related in some way, what do they call it?
Correlation.
Coexistence.
Causation.
Variation.
Which of the following pairings represent the two strongest known correlates of crime?
Age and region.
Personality and attitudes.
Race and culture.
Gender and age.
All but one of the following are accurate statements about a correlation between a socio–demographic variable and crime. Which of the following is not accurate?
The higher a group’s income, the greater the likelihood it is overrepresented in property crime.
Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the prison population.
The farther west in Canada one goes, the greater the crime rate.
Dropping out of high school increases the risk of violent behaviour.
Which of the following correlations of crime is false?
As age increases, crime decreases.
When age stays the same, crime stays the same.
As age increases, crime increases.
As age decreases, crime decreases.
According to the textbook, what is the scientific theory used to explain the fact that criminal behaviour peaks at a young age and then declines?
Collective efficacy.
Differential offending.
Role convergence.
Maturational reform.
What do criminologists normally focus on when explaining patterns of female criminal offending?
Socially structured differences in gender roles.
Changes in judges’ perceptions.
Biological differences between males and females.
More consistent reporting.
What does the “role convergence” hypothesis suggest?
As social roles of the sexes become more equal, differences in their criminal behaviour will diminish.
As a result of male and female roles becoming similar, male crime will increase out of frustration.
Male criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of females.
Female criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of males.
Which of the following findings lend the most support to the role convergence hypothesis?
Changes in the treatment of women by the police are leading to increases in conviction rates.
Increases in female crimes are associated with acts of violence largely committed against spouses and boyfriends.
Increases in property crime are associated with expanded employment opportunities for women.
An increasing number of low–income, semiskilled single parents are committing crime.
Which of the following groups is overrepresented in crime statistics relative to their share of the Canadian population?
Asians.
Caucasians.
Indo–Canadians.
African Canadians.
According to the Canadian Criminal Justice Society, which of the following is not true regarding Aboriginal offenders compared to non–Aboriginal offenders?
Aboriginal offenders are more likely to be charged with multiple offences .
Aboriginal offenders are more likely to be incarcerated.
Aboriginal offenders are more likely to be granted bail.
Aboriginal offenders are likely to spend more time in pre–trial detention .
Which of the following provides at least a partial basis of a cultural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour?
Sharing rather than private ownership is central to Aboriginal society.
Aboriginal peoples have been colonized.
Aboriginals lack adequate economic opportunities.
Aboriginals experience more inequality that the dominant society.
Which of the following provides the basis of a structural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour?
Aboriginal peoples experience the court system differently from non–Aboriginals.
Aboriginals lack of middle class values held by the dominant society.
Aboriginals experience more unemployment and less quality education than the dominant society.
According to the textbook, there are three broad factors that link substance abuse and crime. Which of the following is not one of these factors?
The criminal justice system treats drug–addicted offenders much more harshly
The mere possession of illegal drugs in & of itself is a crime.
Efforts to support an addiction can lead to involvement in crimes.
Individuals may commit crimes because they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
When Hagen says “the relationship between class and crime is class and crime specific,” what does he mean?
Various classes are involved in different kinds of criminal behaviour despite having roughly the same opportunities to commit crimes.
Various classes are involved in the same kinds of criminal behaviour because they have roughly the same opportunities to commit crimes.
Various classes are involved in different kinds of criminal behaviour because they have different opportunities to commit crimes.
Various classes are involved in the same kinds of criminal behaviour despite having different opportunities to commit crimes.
Which of the following statements is not true?
Canada’ three largest cities have lower crime rates than other smaller cities in the country.
Toronto has a lower crime rate than Winnipeg.
The larger the population size of a city in Canada, the higher the crime rate.
The size of a city’s population does not determine the crime rate.
Which of the following has the field of criminology been mainly concerned with?
Crime committed by male offenders.
Differences in male and female offending.
The different behaviours of males and females.
Crime common to both genders.
What approach understands the difference between men and women as biologically based?
Conservative approach.
Gender approach.
Feminist approach.
Liberal approach.
In Lombroso and Ferrero's theory, why did woman display fewer signs of degeneration than men?
Women were isolated in the home more so they did not degenerate as far.
Women have more maternal instincts than men so they did not degenerate as far.
Men had not advanced as far along the evolutionary continuum as women and so could not degenerate as far.
Women had not advanced as far along the evolutionary continuum as men and so could not degenerate as far.
In the liberal approach, what is the most significant factor influencing criminal and violent behaviour among women?
Their gender roles and socialization.
Their status as family patriarchs.
Their biological make–up.
Their domestic instinct.
Which of the following best illustrates the patriarchal family?
A family in which both the father and the mother work outside the home.
A family in which the father is employed in an authority position in the workforce and the wife is not employed outside the home.
A family in which the eldest male is head of the household.
A family in which the eldest female is head of the household.
Which of the following does power control theory claim?
Women commit crime under pressure from men.
Girls from egalitarian families will be as delinquent as boys.
Women from poor families will be more likely to commit crimes.
Women from patriarchal families will be more likely to commit crimes.
What is the women’s liberation thesis on crime?
Women commit less crime than is recorded.
Greater gender equality will increase the rate of crime by women.
Differing crime rates for men and women are caused by their different biological make–up.
Women commit more crime than is recorded.
With the rapid increase in female–headed households and the stresses associated with poverty, which of the following trends has been identified by research?
Fewer men are being charged with shoplifting, cheque forging, and welfare fraud.
More men are being charged with shoplifting, cheque forging, and welfare fraud.
Fewer women are being charged with shoplifting, cheque forging, and welfare fraud.
More women are being charged with shoplifting, cheque forging, and welfare fraud.
Myths and misconceptions about the nature of rape, and stereotypical images of “true” rape victims and offenders, are commonly referred to as which of the following?
Cultural construction.
Power–control construction.
Gendered construction.
Rape fallacy construction.
According to Chapter 6, Patriarchy is best described as?
A system of equality used to explain male and female offending.
A system of rule used to explain youth offending.
A system of male domination that includes a structure and an ideology that privileges men.
A system of female domination used to explain female offending.
When was Canada’s law changed so that husbands could be charged with sexually assaulting their wives?
1983.
2005.
1789.
1945.
What term was used by researcher Amir to refer to the idea that some women are “rape prone” or seem to invite rape?
Invited rape.
Enticement.
Victim precipitation.
False rape.
Which of the following best characterizes the "rape shield" provision of the 1983 sexual assault laws?
It determines whether consent can be used as a defence.
It prevents public disclosure of the victim's name and other forms of identification.
It prevents a victim's past sexual conduct from being used to discredit her testimony in court.
It protects a victim from having to see an offender in court.
The Supreme Court’s ruling in the O’Connor case in 1995 had profound implications for survivors of sexual assault. Which of the following best characterizes this ruling?
Confidential records as well as personal diaries, letters, and the like can be accessed, and therapists can be required to hand over any records or notes relating to a complainant in a sexual assault case.
Confidential records and notes by therapists cannot be used as evidence in a sexual assault case.
Confidential records as well as personal diaries, letters, and the like cannot be accessed in a sexual assault case.
Confidential police records as well as personal diaries, letters, and the like can be accessed but therapists cannot be required to hand over any records or notes relating to a complainant in a sexual assault case.
Which of the following best illustrates a zero tolerance policy?
Anyone who has taken any drugs cannot consent to sex.
A mandatory minimum sentence to anyone convicted of sexual assault.
Police lay charges in all cases where they have grounds to believe a domestic assault has occurred.
Any unwanted touching of someone is considered a sexual assault.
According to Patricia Pearson’s analysis of studies that utilize the Conflict Tactic Scale, which of these best describes women involved in interpersonal relationships?
Women are doubly victimized.
Women are less violent than men.
Women can be just as violent as men.
Women are relatively passive compared to men.
Which of the following does not characterize the concept of gendering crime?
How men behave as men.
The feminization of poverty.
Both women and men’s lives needed to be understood in gendered terms.
How men live up to gender ideals.
