What is pH?

In pure water, what is the ratio of Hydrogen ions to Hydroxide ions?

What is involved in protein denaturation?

What effect can a low pH have on the central nervous system?

What is the usual range of pH for extracellular fluid?

What is the usual range of pH for intracellular fluid?

Is the pH of body fluids always closely associated with the pH of plasma?

What kind of scale is the pH scale and what does this mean about small pH changes?

What is the first line of defense against H+ concentration changes and how quickly does it react?

What is the second line of defence against H+ concentration changes and how quickly does it react?

What is the third line of defence against H+ concentration changes and how quickly does it react?

What are the lungs unable to do regarding H+ changes that the buffers and kidneys can do?

What does the Law of Mass action state?

What is a weak acid or alkali?

What is formed when an alkali accepts a proton?

In what blood vessels is H+ concentration highest?

H+ concentration rises as blood flows through which vessels?

What is the relationship between pH and H+?

What are volatile acids?

How are volatile acids derived?

What are non-volatile acids?

In an animals, where do non-volatile acids derive from?

Problems with which system can affect CO2 levels in the body?

The influence of dietary feed on acid-base balance depends on what ratio?

In carnivores, is there a net acid or net base production?

When organic anions are metabolised, what is produced?

What happens to excess HC03- that is produced from anion metabolism?

Why do some herbivores/omnivores have alkaline urine?

Why do carnivores have the highest acid production?

What does a a buffer do?

What is a base?

What is an acid?

What are amphoteric buffers?

What equation can be used to predict changes in pH?

Buffers work best when there is what kind of difference between pH and pK?

When pH=pK, how does H+ changes affect pH?

Out of all the body buffering systems, which one maintains around half the body's buffering capacity?

Which buffering systems are involved in long term acidosis?

What is meant by a closed buffer system?

What is meant by an open buffer system?

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system so important in the body?

How do kidneys control the H+ concentration in ECF?

How do the lungs control Carbon Dioxide levels in the body?

What does the amount of HCO3- absorbed depend on?

Why do carnivores continuously produce HCO3-?

What percentage of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

What percentage of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the LoH?

As HCO3- can't cross the apical membrane in the tubules, how is is reabsorbed into the capillary lumen?

What is the ionic movement within bicarbonate secreting cells?

What ionic movement takes place in H+ secreting cells?

What are the two types of urinary buffers?

Which is the most important urinary buffer?

Why is the phosphate buffer only useful with small changes in H+?

How does the inorganic phosphate buffer exist in solution?

How does NH3 produce NH4+?

How does the ammonia/ammonium system also influence Na+ levels in the body?

What is acidosis?

What is alkalosis?

In acid-base disturbances, what is involved in Compensation?

In acid-base disturbances, what is involved in Correction?

How can respiratory acidosis/alkalosis occur?

With respiratory acid-base disturbances, in what way do H+ and HCO3- concentrations change?

What system is involved in compensation of respiratory acid-base disturbances?

In respiratory acidosis, what happens to kidney function?

How are metabolic acid-base disturbances defined?

In metabolic acid-base disturbances, H+ and bicarbonate changes occur in which direction?

In metabolic acid-base disturbances, what system is involved in compensation and what type of compensation is it?

In metabolic acid-base disturbances, what system is needed for complete correction?

What is the primary determinant of intracellular pH?

Do respiratory or metabolic changes have a greater effect on H+ secretion?

Why do respiratory changes have a more rapid effect on pH changes than metabolic changes?

In acid-base balance, what are the two main functions of H+ excretion?

Following arterial H changes, what is the most important determinant of H+ renal excretion?

Why does K+ plasma concentration have a large effect on H+ excretion rates?

Hyperkalemia will cause what type of acid-base disturbance?

Hypokalemia causes what type of acid-base disturbance?