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Atomic pollution and Climate Change

Question 1 of 61

1

Which factors contribute to sea level rise due to climate change?

Select one of the following:

  • Increased numbers of floods

  • Rapid melting of arctic ice

  • Thermal expansion and melting of land-bound ice

  • Slow sinking of the continents

  • Enhanced precipitation

Explanation

Question 2 of 61

1

The green house gas effect can be explained by

Select one of the following:

  • Wavelength dependence of absorption of radiation by GHG

  • Ozone depletion in the stratosphere

  • The elliptic path of the earth around the sun

  • Enhanced reflection of long wave radiation by GHG

  • Enhanced concentration of dust and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Explanation

Question 3 of 61

1

Because saturation vapour pressure depends on the surface on which it occurs

Select one of the following:

  • Lifting of air masses leads to condensation

  • Clouds grow rapidly when ice particles are introduced

  • Small drops grow at the cost of large drops

  • Mixing of warmer and colder air masses can lead to mixing fog

Explanation

Question 4 of 61

1

Airborne radionuclide concentrations are especially relevant for

Select one of the following:

  • Infiltration and Submersion

  • Ingestion and Inhalation

  • Ingestion and Submersion

  • Inhalation and Submersion

  • Exposition and Ingestion

Explanation

Question 5 of 61

1

Occult deposition is

Select one of the following:

  • An as yet undiscovered deposition

  • Deposition that is not yet fully understood

  • Deposition by fog, dew, etc.

  • Deposition pollutants attached to aerosols

Explanation

Question 6 of 61

1

For the development of the ozone hole in the Antarctic the following are decisive:

Select one of the following:

  • High CFC concentrations and lack of solar radiation

  • High CFC concentrations and temperatures below zero

  • High CFC concentration and climate change

  • Temperatures below -80°C and little air mass exchange

Explanation

Question 7 of 61

1

the double strategy in Austrian air pollution policy consists of

Select one of the following:

  • Limiting synergistic pollutants simultaneously

  • Requiring the pollutants and the affected to contribute to emission reductions

  • Increasing stack heights and emission standards

  • Limiting emission according to state-of-the-art-technology and to stay within air quality

Explanation

Question 8 of 61

1

An end-of-pipe measure is e.g.:

Select one of the following:

  • Using more efficient technologies

  • Implementing an emission trading scheme

  • Filter flue gases

  • Technological improvements in the process

  • Desulfurization of oil

Explanation

Question 9 of 61

1

Present day GHG emissions of the average Austrian are around

Select one of the following:

  • 50 t per year

  • 1 t per year

  • 100 t per year

  • Not quantifiable

  • 10 t per year

Explanation

Question 10 of 61

1

Climate change does not involve

Select one of the following:

  • Changes in precipitation

  • Frequency of extreme events

  • More intense earthquakes

  • Melting of polare ice

  • Temperature change

Explanation

Question 11 of 61

1

Which are not typical effects of mountain valleys or basins?

Select one of the following:

  • Inducing thermally driven circulations

  • Strong dispersion of pollutants

  • Development of cold air basins due to drainage flow

  • Inversions

  • Channelling flow

Explanation

Question 12 of 61

1

Stratospheric ozone concentration

Select one of the following:

  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter, constant in summer

  • Is falling worldwide

  • Is falling in equatorial regions in winter

  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter and strongly falling over Antarctica

Explanation

Question 13 of 61

1

In the climate debate tipping points are understood to describe

Select one of the following:

  • Points ate which the planet becomes uninhabitable

  • Points beyond which positive feedback mechanisms can no longer be contained by humans

  • Points of time in policy debate when decisive steps are taken

  • Geographical locations where decisive climate process

Explanation

Question 14 of 61

1

Under clear sky conditions in summer ozone levels are especially high in Vienna

Select one of the following:

  • On weekdays

  • During traffic peaks

  • On Sundays and holidays

  • On Mondays

  • On Saturdays

  • In the early morning

Explanation

Question 15 of 61

1

What is NOT true of radioactive decay

Select one of the following:

  • Is the only way to deplete radio nuclei

  • Disappears after 5 half-life times

  • Depends only on the radio nuclide

  • Is independent of external influences

  • Can vary over orders of magnitude

Explanation

Question 16 of 61

1

Which of the following issues is not a mesoscale pollution problem

Select one of the following:

  • Fine particles (PM)

  • Tropospheric zone

  • Persistent organic compounds (POP)

  • Green house gases

  • Radio active substances

Explanation

Question 17 of 61

1

The IPAT equation or Kaya Identity can be used to explain

Select one of the following:

  • The impact of population, air pollution and technology on environmental degradation

  • The impact of green house gas emission on climate

  • The extent to which ecological boundaries have been crossed

  • The impact of world population, affluence and technology on green house gas emission

  • The impact of lifestyles on environmental quality and tipping points

Explanation

Question 18 of 61

1

What was the original definition of smog

Select one of the following:

  • A combination of smoke and fog

  • High concentration of photo chemicals

  • Cigarette smoke

  • High ozone concentrations

Explanation

Question 19 of 61

1

Dispersion models typically consists of 3 modules:

Select one of the following:

  • Transport Module, Immission Module, Impact Module

  • Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Deposition Module

  • Emission Module, Transmission Module, Immission Module

  • Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Transport Module

  • Meteorology Module, Transport Module, Deposition Module

Explanation

Question 20 of 61

1

Trajectories are an important part of which kind of dispersion models?

Select one of the following:

  • Gaussian models

  • Diffusion models

  • Langrangian models

  • Richardson models

  • Eulerian models

Explanation

Question 21 of 61

1

Near the earths surface temperature increases with height

Select one of the following:

  • When wind speed increase with height

  • When wind speed is low and the radiation balances at the surface is negative

  • Because the distance from sun decrease

  • When atmospheric radiation exceeds terrestrial radiation

  • When warm air rises from heated surfaces

  • When an inversion break up

Explanation

Question 22 of 61

1

Chronic damage caused by air pollution can be prevented

Select one of the following:

  • Standards expressed in high percentiles

  • Limiting maximum concentration

  • Short term standards, e.g.: hourly means

  • Long term standards, e.g.: yearly means

Explanation

Question 23 of 61

1

In an idealised valley the following local circulations are to be expected in fair weather on the early afternoon

Select one of the following:

  • only valley wind

  • valley- and down slope wind

  • valley and up slope wind

  • only down slope wind

  • Mountain and down slope wind

Explanation

Question 24 of 61

1

In order for a cloud to rain, cloud droplets must grow

Select one of the following:

  • through coagulation and coalescence with other droplets

  • through freezing and melting

  • and rech a size 100 times that a small cloud droplet

  • through transpiration and evaporation

  • through compression and density increase

  • through condensation and diffusion

Explanation

Question 25 of 61

1

Which of the following radiative processes leads to energy conversion?

Select one of the following:

  • Reflexion

  • Absorption

  • Refraction

  • Diffusion

Explanation

Question 26 of 61

1

Concentrations caused at a specific point by a continuous point source vary strongly

Select one of the following:

  • in inversions

  • in unstable layers

  • in neutral layers

  • in stable layers under strong wind conditions

  • in isothermal layers near the ground

Explanation

Question 27 of 61

1

The troposphere

Select one of the following:

  • is the bottom layer of the atmosphere in which temperature decreases with height

  • is the lower part of the planetary boundary layer

  • is the lower part of the stratosphere and characterised by temperature increases with height

  • consists of the planetary boundary layer and the turbulent surface layer

Explanation

Question 28 of 61

1

Boundaries of the global ecological system seem to have been exceeded regarding

Select one of the following:

  • climate change, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle

  • nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and biodiversity loss

  • ocean acidification, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss

  • climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss

  • climate change, ocean acidification and biodiversity loss

Explanation

Question 29 of 61

1

The following is NOT correct regarding albedo

Select one of the following:

  • Average over the whole globe, albedo is about 5%

  • Albedo is higher for snow than for bitumen

  • Albedo is reflectivity averages over all wave lengths

  • Albedo is the ration of reflected to incoming radiation

  • Albedo increases with the temperature of the reflecting body

Explanation

Question 30 of 61

1

The atmosphere is characterised by

Select one of the following:

  • about 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and 1% Argon content

  • about 0,03 CO2 and 0,05 water vapour content

  • about 80% oxygen and 20% hydrogen content near the surface

  • rapid increase of CO2 and decreases of oxygen concentration

  • good mixing of gases up to 120km height

Explanation

Question 31 of 61

1

Which of the following does not heat up faster than global average

Select one of the following:

  • Continents

  • Arctic

  • Alpine region

  • Oceans

Explanation

Question 32 of 61

1

In what latitudes do the highest stratospheric ozone concentration occur?

Select one of the following:

  • 20°

  • 60°

  • 80°

  • 45°

Explanation

Question 33 of 61

1

The declared aim of the policy of high stacks was to

Select one of the following:

  • Enhanced the chimney effect and create higher effective stack heights

  • Make use of higher wind speed

  • Reduce maximum immissions on the ground

  • Delay deposition

  • Distribute pollutants over larger areas

Explanation

Question 34 of 61

1

Global temperatures increases over the last 150 years is about

Select one of the following:

  • 0,2°C

  • 1,2°C

  • 0,8°C

  • 0,4°C

Explanation

Question 35 of 61

1

What process is not part of dispersion of pollutants in air?

Select one of the following:

  • Interception

  • Diffusion

  • Decay

  • Deposition

  • Sedimentation

Explanation

Question 36 of 61

1

Clinical studies to determine concentration limits for humans help to

Select one of the following:

  • Replace experiments using animals

  • Study exposures under normal conditions

  • Understand systematic dose-effect relationships

  • Study the effect of high exposures

Explanation

Question 37 of 61

1

What is characteristic of an Eulerian model?

Select one of the following:

  • The limited amount of input data and numerical capacity needed

  • A coordinate system that is fixed relative to the earth surface

  • The good representation of point sources

  • A grid with increasingly smaller dimensions

Explanation

Question 38 of 61

1

What is the dual role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

Select one of the following:

  • Enhanced chemical reactions and produce stratospheric ozone

  • Enhanced chemical reactions and destroy tropospheric ozone

  • Contribute to global warming as GHG and deplete ozone

  • Destroy ozone and contribute to Global Dimming

Explanation

Question 39 of 61

1

Inversions can cause high immission concentrations near the ground

Select one of the following:

  • When pollutants are emitted below the inversion

  • Because heating is especially intense in these periods

  • When pollutants are emitted into the inversion through high stacks

  • Because pollutants are pressed downward

Explanation

Question 40 of 61

1

Sulfates can cover large distances in the atmosphere because

Select one of the following:

  • They are released in great heights

  • They are not easily washed-out

  • Their lifetime in the atmosphere is long

  • They are especially light compared to their size

Explanation

Question 41 of 61

1

What data are not relevant for emission inventories?

Select one of the following:

  • Geographical position of sources

  • Flue gas temperature

  • Stack height

  • Wind speed

  • Emission rates of different pollutant groups

Explanation

Question 42 of 61

1

What human impact does not (yet) exceed the resilience boundaries of the global ecosystems?

Select one of the following:

  • Climate change

  • Biodiversity loss

  • Acidification of the ocean

  • Nitrogen cycle

Explanation

Question 43 of 61

1

Gaussian models for continuous point sources assume that

Select one of the following:

  • Emission occur at least 10 m above ground

  • life time of pollutants is limited

  • Wind speed exceeds 1 m/s

  • Pollutant concentration is uniform within the plume

Explanation

Question 44 of 61

1

Stratospheric ozone concentration

Select one of the following:

  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter, constant in summer

  • Is falling worldwide

  • Is falling in midlatitudes and strongly over Antarctica

  • Is falling in equatorial regions in winter

Explanation

Question 45 of 61

1

What part of the solar spectrum is primarily responsible for the cancer in human skin?

Select one of the following:

  • UVA

  • UVC

  • Roentgen waves

  • UVB

  • Infra-red

Explanation

Question 46 of 61

1

Protections regarding climate in the future do not rely on:

Select one of the following:

  • Assumptions on GHG emissions

  • An understanding of radiation

  • Assumptions on the development of the world population

  • Mathematical models to simulate physical processes in the atmosphere

  • Statistical extrapolations of the climate change of the past

Explanation

Question 47 of 61

1

Air flow is influences near buildings

Select one of the following:

  • But the induced turbulence is irrelevant for dispersion

  • Up to about 150m behind the building

  • The stronger, the smaller the building is

  • In the vertical within about 2,5 times the height of the building

Explanation

Question 48 of 61

1

Which is no Green House Gas (GHG

Select one of the following:

  • Carbon monoxide

  • Carbon dioxide

  • Water vapour

  • Methane

  • Ozone

Explanation

Question 49 of 61

1

What feedback mechanism is reinforcing (=positive)?

Select one of the following:

  • Increase in CO2, increased biomass, increased evaporation, cooling

  • Temperature decreases, more glaciers, higher Albedo

  • Temperature increase, increased evaporation, increased cloud cover

  • Temperature increase, forest fires, increased Albedo

Explanation

Question 50 of 61

1

Deposition reaches generally its highest values

Select one of the following:

  • Chemical transformation

  • Occult deposition

  • Sedimentation

  • Wet deposition

Explanation

Question 51 of 61

1

Emission reductions necessary to meet the 2°C goal are consistent with

Select one of the following:

  • 80% reduction in industrialised and unlimited emissions in other nations

  • 50% reduction of GHG emissions in industrialised nations

  • Full use of conventional and unconventional reserves

  • About 1t of CO2 per person and year till 2050 in industrialised nations

  • GHG emissions about three times the amount already emitted

Explanation

Question 52 of 61

1

Which is a secondary pollutant?

Select one of the following:

  • Aerosols

  • Sulfur dioxide

  • Nitrogen oxide

  • Ozone

Explanation

Question 53 of 61

1

Expected temperature increases in Austria in the next 20-50 years is about

Select one of the following:

  • 2-4°

  • 0,5-1°

  • 4-6°

  • 5-10°

Explanation

Question 54 of 61

1

Which is not a component of the radiation balance at the earth's surface

Select one of the following:

  • diffuse or sky radiation

  • atmospheric radiation

  • celestrial radiation

  • terrestrial radiation

  • direct solar radiation

Explanation

Question 55 of 61

1

The effect source height

Select one of the following:

  • is defined as the sum of stack height and plume rise

  • depends on the emitted pollutants

  • is equal to stack height for hot effluents

  • is near 40 km for stratospheric ozone

  • increases with air temperature

Explanation

Question 56 of 61

1

Climate change is scientifically proven by...
increase of global mean temperature

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 57 of 61

1

What is the significance of oceans in the global carbon cycle?
A sink, but may become a source

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 58 of 61

1

What is not part of geo-engineerying?
Substitution of fossil energy sources

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 59 of 61

1

Which of the following pollutants are GHGs? All?
Ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 60 of 61

1

Radiation balances is clearly negative...
night time, strong wind, fog

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 61 of 61

1

Which of the following radiative processes leads to energy conversion?

Select one of the following:

  • Reflexion

  • Diffusion

  • Refraction

  • Absorption

Explanation

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