Taylor Carre-Riddell
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Taylor Carre-Riddell
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BioPsych Quiz w1-6: TMS, EMG, fMRI, Anatomy and Theories of Memory, Alzhiemers

BioPsych Quiz w1-6: TMS, EMG, fMRI, Anatomy and Theories of Memory, Alzhiemers

Question 1 of 57

1

What determines the shape of the TMS coils?

Select one of the following:

  • The model of the machine

  • type and precision of the stimulation needed

  • The kind of and strength of electoral pulse

  • The duration of the test

Explanation

Question 2 of 57

1

How is TMS used in research?

Select one of the following:

  • Determining the casual involvement of a brain region

  • To test clinical drugs

  • To visualize brain structures

  • To disable glial cells

Explanation

Question 3 of 57

1

What are clinical applications of TMS?

Select one of the following:

  • This option is available in Victoria (e.g., the Victoria Clinic) for depression

  • Shock therapy and hyponosis

  • To disable a problematic part of the brain permantly

  • To subdue a distressed person to sleep

Explanation

Question 4 of 57

1

What are some advantages of EGG?

Select one of the following:

  • It is cheap and relatively easy to conduct

  • Temporal resolution is sound

  • A and B

  • The patient is conscious

  • You don't have to be trained to use it

Explanation

Question 5 of 57

1

Essentially one compares the BOLD fMRI signals coming from the brain in two situations

Select one of the following:

  • the control and experimental task

  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions

  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down

  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down and another to measure the size/dynamics of the brain

Explanation

Question 6 of 57

1

ERP studies are used for:

Select one of the following:

  • Testing the ability of post trauma patients

  • Healing parts of the brain

  • Teach post trauma patients to rewire thier neurons

  • To study components of well established cognitive processes

Explanation

Question 7 of 57

1

Limits of EGG

Select one of the following:

  • Signals in the sulci are harder to detect than from gyri, and may additionally be masked by the signals from the gyri

  • A and D

  • The poor spacial resolution makes it difficult to determine location of ERP

  • The orientation of the neurons determines the sign of the recorded potentials - Some orientations lead to signals which cannot be recorded.

Explanation

Question 8 of 57

1

What adv does fMRI have over PET scans?

Select one of the following:

  • fMRI doesn't need radiation

  • fMRI is cheaper and easier to use

  • fMRI the patient can be awake

  • fMRI allows for 3D views of the brain

Explanation

Question 9 of 57

1

What is BOLD?

Select one of the following:

  • Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent
    Because the brain sends so much blood to the active area, the oxygen content of the blood actually increases

  • The type of scanning signal

  • Blood Oxygen Leverage-Dependent
    The net gradient in change that occurs when brain activity spikes and the brain loses oxygen

  • Blood Oxytocin Level-Dependent
    Because the patent is nervous, we accept a level of oxycotin spike and compare it against the normal rate

Explanation

Question 10 of 57

1

What is a disadv of BOLD fMRI ?

Select one of the following:

  • if two neural events occur within about two seconds of each other, the BOLD fMRI responses to the two events will become confused. Maximum temporal resolution is about 2 seconds.

  • f a given neuron “requests” more blood, all neighbouring neurons within about 1 mm of it will receive an increased blood flow.
    Thus, if two neural events occur within 1 mm of each other, BOLD fMRI will not be able to distinguish them.

  • A and B

  • neither: BOLD measurement compensates for these flaws

Explanation

Question 11 of 57

1

What is a safety concern with fMRI measurements?

Select one of the following:

  • The patient may be claustrophibic

  • Any ferromagnetic object brought too close will literally fly into the magnetic, destroying whatever is inside the magnet (e.g. the patient)

  • The liquid hydrogen could leak

  • None of the above

  • Getting he procedure wrong can resultin patient brain injury

Explanation

Question 12 of 57

1

Which process states the physics of the brain scan correctly

Select one of the following:

  • None of the below: the process is molecular

  • The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity, thus we drip feed signals and see how long it takes for the brain to stop responding completely

  • The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.
    we excite the brain with an RF pulse.

    Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.

    By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.

  • we excite the brain with an RF pulse.

    Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.

    By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.

    The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.

Explanation

Question 13 of 57

1

Cririsms of fMRI include:

Select one of the following:

  • Multiple Comparisons Problem- multiple comparisons problem: the more t tests you do, the greater chance there is of reporting a false positive, solved by preforming a Bonferoni Correction test

  • All answers are correct

  • Over Interpretation of Null Results: the failure to prove that a given brain area is involved in a particular task does not prove that the brain area is not involved in the task

  • Non-independent sample selection : use different scanning sessions for the identification and testing of the ROI.

Explanation

Question 14 of 57

1

Epilepsy is caused by:

Select one of the following:

  • Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
    glutamate, due to a reduction in GABA

  • Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
    glutamate, due to a reduction in glutamine

  • Neurons going through apoptosis at an alarming rate

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 15 of 57

1

TLE Epilepsy involves

Select one of the following:

  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
    from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
    Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness)
    AND Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
    from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
    Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but not
    Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
    from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
    Not, Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but actually
    Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 16 of 57

1

Hippocampal formation is essential for what functions?

Select one of the following:

  • necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
    Information is integrated in sensory systems,
    sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
    storage.

  • Information is integrated in sensory systems,
    sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
    storage.

  • necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
    Information is integrated in sensory systems,
    sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
    storage.
    Connecting to the temporal neocortex

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 17 of 57

1

Who was HM?

Select one of the following:

  • 27 y.o. man with severe temporal
    lobe epilepsy
    Underwent bilateral
    resection of extensive amount of
    medial temporal tissue. Normal attention span, preserved
    intelligence
    Retrograde memory essentially recovered
    over time. Severe anterograde amnesia
    – Declarative Declarative memory: conscious access to
    information learned previously. Severely impaired vs. procedural memory: remembering ‘how to’. Was ok.

  • 27 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
    This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s

  • Suffered DAT and diagnosed with the disease after memory assessment

  • 50 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
    This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s

Explanation

Question 18 of 57

1

what does damage to papez circuit result in?

Select one of the following:

  • result in declarative memory impairment

  • result in declarative memory impairment and procedural memory

  • damage to episodic and procedural memory

  • damage to rely to the amygdala

Explanation

Question 19 of 57

1

What was the research question in Amassian et al. (1989) classical TMS study?

Select one of the following:

  • They investigated error processing by applying TMS during the time window of the ERN.

  • They investigated the effects of TMS over primary visual cortex on the perception of letter stimuli. 

  • They investigated the effects of TMS over prefrontal cortex on the perception of letter stimuli.

  • They investigated the effects of TMS over primary motor cortex on mental rotation

Explanation

Question 20 of 57

1

The maximum temporal resolution of fMRI is approximately

Select one of the following:

  • 2 ms

  • 20 ms

  • 200 ms

  • 2000 ms

Explanation

Question 21 of 57

1

Which of the following is a safety concern for fMRI?

Select one of the following:

  • It involves ingesting a radioactive isotope.

  • The machine may cause people to feel claustrophobic.

  • Patients must fast before having an fMRI scan.

  • It should not be administered to patients with epilepsy.

Explanation

Question 22 of 57

1

What is a typical EEG amplitude?

Select one of the following:

  • 10μV to 100μV

  • 1000μV to 100000μV

  • 20μV to 200μV

  • 1μV to 10μV

Explanation

Question 23 of 57

1

Which of the following is NOT one of the four TMS techniques discussed in the lectures?

Select one of the following:

  • The "probing excitability" approach

  • The injection of "neural noise"

  • The "simultaneous-pulse approach"

  • The creation of a "virtual lesion"

Explanation

Question 24 of 57

1

The biochemical basis of epileptic seizures is:

Select one of the following:

  • an inhibitor that binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, preventing the uptake of glutamate.

  • lesions to the medial or lateral temporal lobe.

  • oversecretion of glutamate.

  • a reduction in GABA uptake.

Explanation

Question 25 of 57

1

What is an advantage of the Electroencephalograph?

Select one of the following:

  • The temporal resolution is good 

  • It is not biased to signals generated in superficial layers of cerebral cortex 

  • The spatial resolution is good 

  • Signals from the sulci are easy to detect 

Explanation

Question 26 of 57

1

The memory deficit detailed in the case study of HM is ____ because HM ___

Select one of the following:

  • anterograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.

  • retrograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.

  • anterograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury.

  • retrograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury

Explanation

Question 27 of 57

1

How will a 46 year old individual presenting with two forms of cognition deficits, both amnestic and non-amnestic be diagnosed, according to McKhann et al's criteria for Alzheimer's Disease?

Select one of the following:

  • Probable AD

  • Definite AD

  • Possible AD

  • Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type

Explanation

Question 28 of 57

1

How does TMS-induced currents affect neurons?

Select one of the following:

  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire towards the anterior and posterior sections of the brain

  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire randomly

  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire in a path align with the magnetic field path

  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire all in the same direction

Explanation

Question 29 of 57

1

What is the main danger associated with fMRI?

Select one of the following:

  • ionising radiation

  • seizure

  • strong magnetic field

  • there is no danger associated with fMRI

Explanation

Question 30 of 57

1

what does the bold fMRI measure?

Select one of the following:

  • the oxygen level in the blood

  • the magnetic field of the brain 

  • the neural activity in the brain 

Explanation

Question 31 of 57

1

After his operation, HM had trouble with

Select one of the following:

  • Retrograde memory 

  • Intelligence and attention span 

  • Anterograde memory formation 

  • Temporal lobe epilepsy 

Explanation

Question 32 of 57

1

A lesion on the left medial temporal lobe results in

Select one of the following:

  • emotional memory impairment 

  • verbal memory impairment 

  • non-verbal memory impairment 

  • visual memory impairment 

Explanation

Question 33 of 57

1

Out of four children, one of the girls and one of the boys in a family both share a genetic biological condition. Through genetic family tree mapping, you find out that none of their parents, uncles, aunties and grandparents share this condition. If we are looking at the daughter, what mode of inheritance is this gene? 

Select one of the following:

  • Autosomal Recessive

  • Autosomal Dominant

  • X-Linked Recessive

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 34 of 57

1

what is ltp?

Select one of the following:

  • a form of malfunctioned nuerotransmitter

  • A fault in an action potential where it hyperpolizerses for too long

  • When an axon of cell A…excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A’s efficiency as one of the cell’s firing B is increased” Cell B responds more vigiously to cell A next time

  • A form of neuron death

Explanation

Question 35 of 57

1

Declarative memory is _________ with 2 divisions______

Select one of the following:

  • a result of procedual memory; explicit and implicit memory

  • Accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences
    outcome of processing by various processing systems, which feed the hippocampal formation; Semantic and Episodic

  • Declarative memory is the result of episdic/semantic memory processes

  • Is relational/connective in nature, links between memories rent context based and thus 2 divisions dont exist

Explanation

Question 36 of 57

1

which model is most useful for studing amnesia?

Select one of the following:

  • Serial models

  • Parralel models

Explanation

Question 37 of 57

1

Turving's SPI hypothesis states:

Select one of the following:

  • Episodic memory is an extension of semantic memory

  • Semantic memory is in charge of episodic memory

  • Retrieval can be supported by either system

  • A and C are correct

Explanation

Question 38 of 57

1

VK study does or doesn't fit in SPI hypothesis:

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 39 of 57

1

Whilst there are no definite causes of DAT, some risk factors

Select one of the following:

  • Genetic mutation causing early onset DAT (Autosomal dominant)

  • Having DS

  • Head injury

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 40 of 57

1

What is the key difference between the 2 following points in McKhann's et al. DAT criteria?

Select one of the following:

  • PrAD, unlike probA, is assessment in life, the other after death

  • In possible AD, the patient has been by a neuropsychologist if there is variance in the presentation of symptoms, whereas probable AD simply involves the presentation of non-amnesia symptoms

  • There is no difference; on is a continuation of the other

  • Possible AD is assessed by the family, probable by a professional

Explanation

Question 41 of 57

1

The pathology of DAT involves

Select one of the following:

  • All of the below

  • Glial cell proliferation

  • Severe Degradation of neutrons

  • Senile plaque formation

Explanation

Question 42 of 57

1

What is te first stage of amnesic presentation

Select one of the following:

  • MTL impairment (Antero-retrograde memory)

  • Prefrontal cortex degradation

  • PTL impairment (word finding difficulties)

  • Paritial lobe (visiospacial difficulties)

Explanation

Question 43 of 57

1

MK symptoms include:

Select one of the following:

  • All of the below

  • Word finding difficulties due to posterior temportall lobe damage

  • Visiospacial difficulties suggest parietal tlobe damage

  • Recognition and recall memory impairment suggesting MTL impairment

Explanation

Question 44 of 57

1

The hippocampal formation:

Select one of the following:

  • Is made up of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices

  • Is part of the lateral temporal lobes

  • Includes the dentate gyrus and subiculum

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 45 of 57

1

Temporal lobe epilepsy:

Select one of the following:

  • Has taught us much about the semantic memory system

  • Usually causes seizures that are barely noticeable to an observer

  • None of the these

  • Is not usually associated with memory impairment

Explanation

Question 46 of 57

1

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one of the following:

  • The frontal lobes incorporate primary memory systems

  • The frontal lobes are essential for relating arbitrarily related pieces of information

  • Damage to the thalamus is unlikely to result in memory impairment

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 47 of 57

1

Hebb’s rule:

Select one of the following:

  • Explains autonoetic awareness

  • Describes longterm depression

  • Describes longterm potentiation

  • Explains why depression can cause memory impairment

Explanation

Question 48 of 57

1

Because fMRI is non-radioactive the same subject can be scanned repeatedly.

Select one of the following:

  • true

  • false

  • depends on the subject

  • depends on the scanner

Explanation

Question 49 of 57

1

Longterm potentiation is important because:

Select one of the following:

  • It describes how excitatory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of increased stimulus frequency

  • It brings about temporary chemical changes that underpin memory function

  • It only occurs in the temporal lobes and proves that this is the site of primary memory function

  • It describes how inhibitory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of decreased stimulus frequency

Explanation

Question 50 of 57

1

Explicit and implicit memory:

Select one of the following:

  • Are the same thing as declarative and procedural memory

  • Are distinguished partially on the basis of whether conscious recollection is used

  • Are useful concepts in understanding human amnestic syndromes

  • Both requrie that the learning and recall environments are the same

Explanation

Question 51 of 57

1

The maximum spatial resolution of fMRI is approximat

Select one of the following:

  • 0.1 mm

  • 1 mm

  • 10 mm

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 52 of 57

1

Vargha-Khadem’s ‘children’:

Select one of the following:

  • Revealed important insights about the role of the frontal lobes in memory

  • Demonstrated that the lateral temporal neocortex is essential for semantic memory function

  • Indicated that episodic memory and semantic memory can show a single dissociation in performance during encoding

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 53 of 57

1

Semantic memory:

Select one of the following:

  • Is “knowledge memory”

  • Makes it possible to acquire and retain factual information

  • Does not involve autonoetic awareness

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 54 of 57

1

Episodic memory:

Select one of the following:

  • and semantic memory are both memory systems that make mental "time travel" possible, according to Tulving

  • Contains semantic memory within it

  • Relies on the hippocampal circuit

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 55 of 57

1

Bonferroni corrections are used to address

Select one of the following:

  • the multiple comparisons problem

  • statistical relevance

  • the non-independent sample selection bias

  • the problem of over-interpreting a null result

Explanation

Question 56 of 57

1

Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT):

Select one of the following:

  • Cannot be diagnosed during life

  • Is the dementing syndrome associated with Alzheimer’s disease

  • Can be successfully treated with anti-epileptic drugs

  • Is the process of normal ageing speeded up

Explanation

Question 57 of 57

1

fMRI records radio frequency signals emitted by

Select one of the following:

  • hydrogen atoms

  • hydrogen nuclei

  • oxygen atoms

  • oxygen nuclei

Explanation

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