Taylor Carre-Riddell
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Psychology Quiz on Biopsych w7-12 Neurogenetics, psychopharmacology, Placebo, Other Neurotransmitters, Serotonin and Mood Disorders, Noradrenaline,, created by Taylor Carre-Riddell on 20/04/2017.

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Taylor Carre-Riddell
Created by Taylor Carre-Riddell about 7 years ago
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Biopsych w7-12 Neurogenetics, psychopharmacology, Placebo, Other Neurotransmitters, Serotonin and Mood Disorders, Noradrenaline,

Question 1 of 41

1

What is a polymorphism?

Select one of the following:

  • A portion of the protein that atttches to a dna

  • The range of alleles in genes

  • a discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A discontinuous genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms

  • a categorical genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A categorical genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms

Explanation

Question 2 of 41

1

What is a GWAS?

Select one of the following:

  • None of the below

  • A genetic marker for unknown genes at a particular loci

  • n examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can test traits/disorders. Use strand of interest to attach to target strand portion in chromosone. A Manhattan plot

  • n examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can only be used to karotype

Explanation

Question 3 of 41

1

DNA varients include:

Select one of the following:

  • Single nucleotide subsitution
    Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape

  • Single nucleotide subsitution
    Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
    Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases

  • Single nucleotide subsitution
    Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
    Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
    Nucleotide substitution- number of bases

  • Single nucleotide subsitution
    Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
    Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
    Nucleotide substitution- number of bases
    Block inversion nucleotides backwards on the sister strand - held together by H bonds
    Copy number- the number of repeating sequences (eg codons) can either increase or decrease, changing protein structure

Explanation

Question 4 of 41

1

Most phenotype causes and changes are...

Select one of the following:

  • Monogentic

  • Polygenetic

Explanation

Question 5 of 41

1

A disadvantage in genochips:

Select one of the following:

  • Can't be sure that SNP variance, if found in tests, accounts for malfunction in gene

  • costly to run

  • need ill patients

Explanation

Question 6 of 41

1

what is the adv of Endophenotypes?

Select one of the following:

  • use healthy patients.

  • single out quantitative traits

  • cheap to run

  • A and B

Explanation

Question 7 of 41

1

What kind of studies are animals useful for?

Select one of the following:

  • Longitudinal studies

  • All kinds: their genome is comparative to humans

  • Meta analysis

  • Repeated Measures

Explanation

Question 8 of 41

1

How are animals used in gene studies?

Select one of the following:

  • Mutagenetics

  • Crossing animals

  • same as human dna study techniques

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 9 of 41

1

Foward and Reverse Genetic study modules entail:

Select one of the following:

  • Mean the same thing: its just current or past time periods

  • Genotype to work out phenotype

  • Phenotypes work out genotype

  • B and C

Explanation

Question 10 of 41

1

Casual links between genes, brain chemistry and behaviour can be determined by:

Select one of the following:

  • GWAS

  • Observing modes of inheritance with specific traits

  • Observing Phenotypes, mutating different genes and observing the functional, structural and behavioural impact

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 11 of 41

1

The two types of post synaptic receptors are:

Select one of the following:

  • Positvely and negatively charged

  • Channel and carrier mediated

  • Ion Channels
    G-Protein coupled

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 12 of 41

1

Neuromodulation:

Select one of the following:

  • all of the below

  • Presynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter release
    Postsynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter action (e.g., alters excitability/ firing pattern)

  • -Neuromodulation may produce both neurophysiological and biochemical effects.
    Some moles can be NTs and modulators depending on context eg Serotonin

  • Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
    processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

Explanation

Question 13 of 41

1

Why is the criteria for Defining Neurotransmitters not set?

Select one of the following:

  • The research is not comprehensive enough

  • Too many variables to consider

  • Same mol somewhere else doesnt act as NT elsewhere

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 14 of 41

1

The difference between neuromodulation ad neurotransmission is:

Select one of the following:

  • Neurotransmission:
    Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
    serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
    Neuromodulation:
    Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
    processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

  • Neuromodulation:
    Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
    serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
    Neurotransmission:
    Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
    processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

  • Synthesis and transport to the synapse is relatively slow. BUT The neurotransmitter action is extremely fast because it sits ready for release.

  • A and C

Explanation

Question 15 of 41

1

Psychopharmacology, the drugs either behave as:

Select one of the following:

  • Antagonist: gonists: act like NT on receptor
    Agonist: blocks receptor

  • Agonists: act like NT on receptor
    Antagonist: blocks receptor

  • Drugs act by “mimicking” natural neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in both cases

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 16 of 41

1

A Nocebo is :

Select one of the following:

  • All of the below depending on intervention type

  • Beneficial effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment (drug or device) delivery rather than its direct action.
    - Pain relief
    - Reduced distress
    - Other symptom relief

  • Negative effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment delivery rather than drug action.
    - Pain
    - Nausea
    - Distress
    -Hormone/Immune Response

  • Depends on the drug being tested

Explanation

Question 17 of 41

1

From the medical perspective it is extremely important to disentangle placebo effects from the primary intervention because:

Select one of the following:

  • to develop the best treatments

  • to understand the actual effects of the intervention

  • What is caused by the placebo vs the pathology ie disentangle placebo effects from the primary intervention )

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 18 of 41

1

The placebo intervention (the treatment context) works by:

Select one of the following:

  • actively interpreted by the brain and can elicit expectations, memories and emotions.. which can lead to symptom improvement

  • Tricking the patient as a way to cheapen research costs

  • Depending on the symptom and the type of “treatment” many different factors might be involved

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 19 of 41

1

Benefits of placebo effects include:

Select one of the following:

  • Reduce drug intake

  • large or larger than accepted drug treatments and can reduce disability and increase quality of life over a period of months or longer (even reduce mortality).

  • Participants learned to control their brain activity and reported reduced chronic pain symptoms after training

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 20 of 41

1

Ways to control and measure placebo effects include:

Select one of the following:

  • Open vs Hidden Design

  • Parallel Group Design

  • Conditioning Design

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 21 of 41

1

Serotonin functions include:

Select one of the following:

  • Acts as a neuromodulator influencing the activity of a variety of neurons throughout the brain

  • appetite, temperature, working memory, hallucinations and mood

  • sleep, arousal,

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 22 of 41

1

Serotonin made by:

Select one of the following:

  • The Anterior pituarity gland

  • from neurons originating in the Raphe Nucleus (Raphe = midline).

  • Tryptophan an amino acid is activated upon by synethsis enyzme to form active compound.

  • B and C

Explanation

Question 23 of 41

1

The DSM criteria for depression

Select one of the following:

  • A At least 5 of the following symptoms (see slides) have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is either
    B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
    C. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism).

  • E. The symptoms are not better accounted for by Bereavement (loss of a loved one).

  • Brain imaging studies show a reduction in some types of serotonin receptors in the brain of unmedicated depressed patients.

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 24 of 41

1

A key amino acid needed to make NA is:

Select one of the following:

  • Amino Acid decarboxylase

  • Tryrosine

  • Dopamine βAhydroxylase

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 25 of 41

1

Tryptophan is:

Select one of the following:

  • mpaired serotonin function may be a “risk factor” leading to people being “vulnerable” to developing depression.

  • the serotonin building block

  • A lack of Tryptophan leads to reduced synthesis of serotonin

  • All of the above are correct

Explanation

Question 26 of 41

1

Serotonin Antidepressants (SSRI’s)

Select one of the following:

  • They reduce reuptake of transmitter from synaptic cleft. The breakdown enzyme is not enough to remove the excess.

  • Controversial to give to infants who are at risk of depression genetically, as it can affect the roles the nueromodulators play in the developing brains

  • ncreased levels of neurogenesis (birth of new brain cells) change or strengthen important mood related circuits in the brain. New evidence suggest SSRI’s could promote new brain cell growth treating past damage. May even be “neuroprotective”, protecting against future damage associated with depression

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 27 of 41

1

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) functions:

Select one of the following:

  • Blocks the breakdown of Serotonin (blocks the enzyme)

  • Can lead to lethal levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters if ingested orally after people eat foods with too much

  • Now used as a last resort under strict control of diet and other medications.

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 28 of 41

1

Imagine an artificial society in which all individuals are raised in perfectly controlled, identical environments. In this population:

Select one of the following:

  • the heritability of all traits will be high

  • the heritability of all traits will be zero;

  • heritability will of all traits will decrease throughout the lifespan;

  • heritability will be higher for physical traits than for behavioural traits.

Explanation

Question 29 of 41

1

An autosomal dominant trait is exhibited by a father, but not by a mother. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

Select one of the following:

  • Each of their offspring has a 50% chance of exhibiting the trait;

  • All daughters, but no sons, will exhibit the trait;

  • Each of their offspring has a 0% chance of exhibiting the trait.

  • All sons, but no daughters, will exhibit the trait;

Explanation

Question 30 of 41

1

Which of the following is NOT a feature of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

Select one of the following:

  • statistical criteria are usually very stringent, to account for multiple testing;

  • gene expression levels are quantified using microarrays;

  • imputation can be used to estimate genotypes that were not measured directly

  • modern studies test upwards of 500 000 genetic variants across the genome

Explanation

Question 31 of 41

1

Which of the following is NOT a type of structural genetic variant?

Select one of the following:

  • inversion;

  • copy number;

  • addition;

  • block substitution.

Explanation

Question 32 of 41

1

Endophenotypes have been used to study genetic contributions to psychological disorders. An endophenotype of a psychological disorder should be:

Select one of the following:

  • present only in individuals affected by the disorder;

  • responsive to the same drug therapies as the disorder;

  • likely to have a simpler genetic basis than the disorder;

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 33 of 41

1

The genetic mutation underlying fragile X syndrome is most likely to be visible in a:

Select one of the following:

  • Manhattan plot;

  • karyotype map;

  • pedigree chart;

  • PET scan.

Explanation

Question 34 of 41

1

The CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster encodes subunits of an acetylcholine receptor. Variants in this gene cluster are associated with both schizophrenia and:

Select one of the following:

  • amygdala reactivity;

  • abnormal eye movements;

  • visual sensitivity;

  • heavy smoking.

Explanation

Question 35 of 41

1

CRISPR-Cas9 technology is useful in:

Select one of the following:

  • forward-genetic studies;

  • reverse-genetic studies;

  • genome-wide association studies;

  • both (a) and (b).

Explanation

Question 36 of 41

1

High levels of LC/NA activity result in:

Select one of the following:

  • The larger the response of neurons in the Locus Coeruleus (LC), the more NA released & and the longer the following period of inhibition. In highly arousing situations the chosen focus of attention/behaviour dominates more for longer .. “distracting” alternatives are inhibited.

  • Highest rates rapidly follow a transient noxious or extremely positive stimulus/event (lots of NA released).
    4F’s (Fight, Flight, Freeze or F… Fornicate

  • State of Hyperarousal adapted for evolutionarily important situations where “individual” or “sexual fitness” is involved.

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 37 of 41

1

The CRISPR-Cas9 system:

Select one of the following:

  • was first observed in bacteria as a defence system against viruses;

  • contains RNA with the genetic code for the Cas9 protein;

  • uses the Cas9 protein to locate the desired DNA sequence;

  • all of the above.

Explanation

Question 38 of 41

1

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) are different because:

Select one of the following:

  • ChR2 responds to blue light, while NpHR responds to yellow light;

  • activation of ChR2 suppresses neural firing, while NpHR induces neural firing;

  • ChR2 is more suited to CRISPR-Cas9, while NpHR is more suited to optogenetics;

  • all of the above.

Explanation

Question 39 of 41

1

The function of NA is:

Select one of the following:

  • Sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight)
    Arousal / Vigilance

  • Anxiety
    Exploitation vs Exploration

  • Reward / addiction
    memory consolidation

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 40 of 41

1

At moderate levels of LC activity:

Select one of the following:

  • Noradrenaline acts to consolidate decisions.

  • inning desicion LARGER burst of NA release “tips the balance” in favor of the winner with MORE STRENGTH for the the neural pathway, supresses the others. Then the nuerons enter a brief refractory period

  • daptive behaviour represents a tradeoff between exploiting known sources of reward and exploring the environment for alternative sources of reward (food, water, sex etc).

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 41 of 41

1

Pupil dilation:

Select one of the following:

  • dilation accompanies a switches during perceptual rivalry

  • dilate when select an image when the image is salient

  • can also be used as an index of cognitive decisions

  • All of the above

Explanation

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