Gould and Martens found that, on average, children participated for ____ hours per week in their specific sport.
a. 5
b. 11
c. 15
d. 8
e. 3
Sport participation for youth peaks at what age?
a. 9 years old.
b. 14 years old.
c. 17 years old.
d. 12 years old.
e. 10 years old.
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Sport participation builds character.
b. Sport participation builds leadership skills.
c. The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership.
d. a and b
e. none of the above
Dropout rates for youth sport participants have been estimated to be about what percentage each year?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 35%
d. 45%
e. 5%
Which of the following is the number one reason that young athletes give for participating in school and other youth sports?
a. to make new friends.
b. to improve skills.
c. to get exercise.
d. to stay in shape.
e. to have fun.
Which is the major reason that young athletes give for dropping out of sport?
a. other things to do.
b. boredom.
c. did not like the coach.
d. did not like the pressure.
e. not exciting enough.
According to the swimming study by Gould and colleagues, what percentage of young athletes dropped out of competitive sport because of negative experiences (e.g., too much pressure, no fun)?
b. 19%
c. 44%
d. 28%
e. 37%
Research has indicated that participants in youth sport differ from dropouts in what psychological attribute?
a. perceived competence
b. trait anxiety
c. self-esteem
d. independence
e. self-motivation
A good way to enhance young athletes' perceptions of their abilities is to have them:
a. focus on winning.
b. focus on comparing their performance to that of other athletes.
c. focus on improving their own performance.
The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are"
a. extrinsic in nature.
b. intrinsic in nature.
c. equally divided between intrinsic and extrinsic motives.
d. situational in nature.
e. personal in nature.
Approximately how many children under the age of 18 are involved in school and other sport programs?
a. 10 million.
b. 5 million.
c. 45 million.
d. 1 million.
e. 50 million.
Which of the following statements regarding peer relationships is (are) true?
a. Female participants, as compared to their male counterparts, identify emotional support as a positive aspect of friendship.
b. Children who have more positive relationships with peers in physical activity reported more positive feelings toward physical activity.
c. Intimacy (close personal bonds), as a positive aspect of peer friendships, was seen as less important with increasing age.
d. all of the above
e. a and b
In reviewing the literature that had reported personal accounts of burnout among young athletes, Gould found which of the following to be important factors associated with the burnout?
a. overtraining.
b. parental pressure.
c. very high self- and other-imposed expectations.
e. a and c
The positive "sandwich" approach to correcting errors involves:
a. positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement.
b. corrective feedback, positive statement, corrective feedback.
c. positive statement, negative statement, positive statement.
d. verbal feedback, nonverbal feedback, verbal feedback.
According to recent research on early specialization and participation in competitive sport, elite athletes:
a. start to specialize in one sport by age 5.
b. start to specialize in one sport by age 8.
c. start out playing many sports at an early age.
d. start out specializing in one sport by age 10.
According to the code of ethics developed by the American Sport Education Program, which of the following is NOT part of a sport parent's responsibility?
a. Help your child set realistic performance goals.
b. Keep winning in perspective.
c. Discipline your child appropriately when necessary.
d. Act as a coach as well as a parent if you know the sport.
e. Make sure the coach is qualified to guide your child through the sport experience.
According to the study by Coakley on youth sport burnout, which of the following was (were) found to be characteristic of children who have burned out in sport?
a. They viewed themselves only as athletes.
b. Coaches and parents made all the important decisions with little input from the young athletes.
c. They played on a series of losing teams.
d. a and c
Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress experienced by junior elite athletes?
a. fear of failure and coaches’ expectations.
b. coaches’ expectations and feelings of inadequacy.
c. parents’ expectations and fear of failure.
d. fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy.
e. parents’ expectations and feelings of inadequacy.
A young athlete is "at risk" for developing heightened state anxiety if he has which of the following characteristics?
a. low self-esteem.
b. frequent worries about failure.
c. low self-performance expectations.
According to research, which of the following statements concerning trait anxiety and young athletes is (are) true?
a. Young athletes have only slightly elevated levels of trait anxiety.
b. Sport participation causes high levels of trait anxiety.
c. Sport participation produces lower levels of trait anxiety.
d. Sport participation produces higher levels of trait anxiety only for girls.
e. Sport participation produces higher levels of trait anxiety only for boys.
Based on the research on peer friendships, what implication(s) can you draw for practice?
a. Coaches should use an autocratic coaching style.
b. Teamwork and group goals should be emphasized.
c. Time should be provided for children to be with their friends.
e. b and c
The belief that an athlete will do the right thing when faced with a moral dilemma refers to:
a. integrity
b. fairness
c. compassion
d. morality
e. honesty
According to the levels of moral reasoning, the highest level (Level 5) is characterized by:
a. following external rules and regulations.
b. treating others as you would like to be treated.
c. what is best for all involved.
d. external control.
e. an eye-for-an-eye orientation.
Which of the following definitions does Martens think captures the meaning of good sporting behavior?
a. Treat others as you would want them to treat you.
b. There is no universally accepted definition of good sporting behavior.
c. Act in a fair and equitable manner.
d. Play by the rules.
The structural–developmental approach to good sporting behavior focuses on:
a. how psychological growth changes as a child interacts with the environment to shape moral reasoning.
b. reinforcement as the key to developing moral reasoning.
c. a behavioral model that advocates a stimulus–response approach to the development of good sporting behavior.
d. how innate developmental factors dictate the development of good sporting behavior.
Geibenk and McKenzie studied the use of social learning in a physical education setting, finding that:
a. the use of modeling and reinforcement reduced the bad sporting behaviors of fifth-grade boys.
b. the use of social comparison reduced bad sporting behaviors of high school wrestlers.
c. the use of modeling was not effective in reducing bad sporting behaviors of high school football players.
d. the use of rewards was effective in increasing good sporting behaviors in female elite gymnasts.
Which of the following is (are) NOT part of social learning?
a. modeling
b. reinforcement
c. social comparison
d. attributions
e. c and d
The social learning approach to good sporting behavior and moral development is best summarized by the work of:
a. Dan Kirschenbaum
b. Albert Bandura
c. Kevin Burke
d. Joan Duda
e. Maureen Weiss
Character development is most facilitated by building a:
a. task-oriented climate.
b. ego-oriented climate.
c. competitive climate.
d. high-performance climate.
e. relationship-oriented climate.
The decision process whereby the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined is the definition of:
a. moral development.
b. moral behavior.
c. moral learning.
d. moral reasoning.
The lowest level of moral reasoning is characterized by:
a. internal control.
b. an eye for an eye.
c. external control.
d. conformity.
e. the golden rule.
The definition of good sporting behavior put forth by Shields and Bredemeier emphasizes which of these statements?
a. Ethical standards will take precedence over strategic gain when these are in conflict.
b. Treat others as you would like them to treat you.
c. Have respect for other players, coaches, and officials.
d. Appropriate moral development is different for different ages.
e. Good sporting behavior is an individualized concept.
In a study investigating moral development in elementary school children and the Fair Play for Kids activities, it was found that:
a. moral development was higher for the Fair Play group than in the control condition only in physical education classes.
b. there were no differences between the control and Fair Play groups.
c. both Fair Play groups had higher moral development than the control group.
In a summary of 20 years of research on moral development, Bredemeier and Shields found that:
a. athletes have higher levels of moral development than nonathletes.
b. males have higher levels of moral reasoning than females.
c. athletes' game reasoning differs from reasoning used in everyday life.
A rule in youth sport might state that everyone must play in the game. However, one coach plays certain players of lower ability for only a couple of minutes each game so the team has a better chance of winning. This action violates the concept of:
a. fair play.
b. good sporting behavior.
c. character development.
d. developmental appropriateness.
e. character formation.
According to Shields and Bredemeier, morality in sport comprises:
b. character.
c. good sporting behavior.
The process of experience and growth by which an individual develops the capacity to morally reason is the definition of:
a. moral behavior.
b. moral reasoning.
c. moral development.
d. moral learning.
a. Participants in organized sport are less likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior.
b. Participants in organized sport are more likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior.
c. Participation in competitive sport has no relationship to delinquent behavior.
d. Participation in organized sport only reduces delinquent behavior for middle- and upper-middle-class youths.
e. a and d
Which of the following is (are) among strategies for developing resiliency in youth?
a. Focus on individual strengths rather than weaknesses.
b. Link the program with the community.
c. Build programs with large numbers to reach the most youth.
Which of the following is not one of the levels in Hellison's levels of responsibility model?
a. self-direction
b. self-appraisal
c. self-control
d. caring
e. involvement
Some physical educators have developed programs to enhance the resiliency in "at-risk" youth. The attributes displayed by resilient youths include which of the following?
a. autonomy
b. social competence
c. optimism
It has been proposed that sport participation can serve as an alternative to gang behavior by providing:
a. social support.
b. exposure to positive role models.
c. increased self-esteem.
In Trulson's (1986) study investigating the use of sport involvement to reduce delinquency and aggression, it was found that:
a. participation in basketball and football reduced aggressive tendencies.
b. participation in taekwondo, which emphasizes fighting and self-defense, reduced aggressive tendencies.
c. participation in taekwondo, which emphasizes philosophical reflection and meditation, reduced aggressive tendencies.
Physical education expert Eric Larson thinks that extracurricular activities can have a positive influence on youth development because:
a. sport is intrinsically motivating.
b. sport efforts are directed toward a goal over time.
c. sport requires youth to experience setbacks and overcome challenges.
According to the structural–developmental approach, moral reasoning depends in large part on the:
a. emotional development of the individual.
b. physical development of the individual.
c. cognitive development of the individual.
d. psychological development of the individual.
e. maturational development of the individual.
At what stage of moral development is an athlete who takes illegal performance-enhancing drugs and defends her actions by the premise that it is OK because everyone does?
a. external control.
b. eye for an eye.
c. treat others as you want them to treat you.
d. following external rules.
e. what is best for all involved.
Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE?
a. Developing good sporting behavior through competitive sport involvement automatically transfers to nonphysical activity.
b. Physical educators and coaches should be teaching participants basic values such as honesty and empathy.
c. Physical educators and coaches should teach religious values to help build moral development.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Emphasizing winning undermines good sporting behavior.
b. Emphasizing winning provides opportunities to build good sporting behavior.
c. Emphasizing winning does not automatically have a good or bad influence on building good sporting behavior.
d. none of the above
a. You should define good sporting behavior in very general terms.
b. Rationales explaining your definition of good sporting behavior should be regularly conveyed to participants.
c. Role taking should be especially emphasized around ages 7 to 8 years.
When conveying rationales for good sporting behavior, coaches should emphasize:
a. why a behavior is considered good or bad.
b. the intent of actions.
c. role taking.
Which of the following strategies is (are) useful for enhancing moral development and good sporting behavior?
a. Discuss moral dilemmas.
b. Model appropriate behaviors.
c. Reward good sporting behaviors and punish bad sporting behaviors.
Research indicates that participation in sport:
a. increases moral development.
b. decreases moral development.
c. does not necessarily increase or decrease moral development.
d. increases moral development for elite athletes.
e. increases moral development for individual-sport athletes.
The social–psychological approach to studying morality in sport emphasizes:
a. that both personal and situational factors help determine good sporting behavior.
b. that social factors are the key to developing good sporting behavior.
c. group dynamics in developing good sporting behavior.
d. situational factors in developing good sporting behavior.
Recent research by Moria Stuart indicates that children aged 10 to 12 had concerns about:
a. the fairness of adult actions.
b. negative team behaviors.
c. negative game behaviors.
According to Arnold’s work, in order for character to be developed through sport and physical activity:
a. coaches should have to go through a certification process.
b. character development needs to be a mind-set of physical activity leaders.
c. teachers should have the children read more about character development.
d. parents should be more involved with teaching character development.
e. None of the above is correct; character cannot be developed through sport.
