Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

Question 1 of 102

1

Which of the following is not a subcomponent of the Earth system

Select one of the following:

Cryosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

Explanation

Question 2 of 102

1

An open system has an exchange of ...

Select one of the following:

Nothing
Energy
Energy and matter

Explanation

Question 3 of 102

1

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of Systems?

Select one of the following:

Can be found on different scales
Have limits
Are associated with processes
Energy cant be created or destroyed, and transfer is never 100%

Explanation

Question 4 of 102

1

What term describes 'where similar states of the system can be achieved in different ways'

Select one of the following:

Dynamic equilibrium
Quasi equilibrium
Equifinality
Feedback
Relaxation time
Threshold

Explanation

Question 5 of 102

1

What term describes 'where a system is regulated by intensifying (positive) or opposing (negative) the direction of the system'

Select one of the following:

Dynamic equilibrium
Quasi equilibrium
Equifinality
Feedback
Relaxation time
Threshold

Explanation

Question 6 of 102

1

Which of the following is the definition for 'relaxation time'?

Select one of the following:

The time taken to reach equilibrium during the change form one equilibrium state to another
The transition from one state to the system to another

Explanation

Question 7 of 102

1

What minerals are dominant components of most rocks (Felsic- e.g. Quartz, Mafic- iron and magnesium rich- heavier and darker)?

Select one of the following:

Graphine
Graphite
Silicone
Silicates

Explanation

Question 8 of 102

1

Silicate rocks make up what percentage of all rocks world wide?

Select one of the following:

70%
80%
90%
100%

Explanation

Question 9 of 102

1

Extrusive igneous rocks cool slowly and form a large crystalline structure

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 10 of 102

1

Contact metamorphism (as opposed to regional and dynamic metamorphism) occurs in the presence of what?

Select one of the following:

Extreme heat from magma
Extreme pressure from tectonic plates
Both heat (magma) and pressure (tectonic plates)

Explanation

Question 11 of 102

1

Which rock type is formed by geomorphological processes on the earths surface (including: rivers, coasts, deep seas, lakes, mountain sides and deserts)?

Select one of the following:

Sedimentary (clastic and chemical)
Igneous (intrusive and extrusive)
Metamorphic (contact, regional and dynamic)

Explanation

Question 12 of 102

1

Is this picture correct?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 13 of 102

1

Which of the following is not a method by which we measure geological time?

Select one of the following:

Absolute (radiometric) dating
Relative age dating
Analysis of ice cores

Explanation

Question 14 of 102

1

Which of the following is not a principle of relative age dating?

Select one of the following:

Super-positioning
Horizontality
Crosscutting
Inclusion
Faunal succession
Geological lapping

Explanation

Question 15 of 102

1

How long ago was the Earth formed?

Select one of the following:

4.1 Ga
4.2 Ga
4.3 Ga
4.4 Ga
4.5 Ga

Explanation

Question 16 of 102

1

How do we know the internal structure of the Earth (lithosphere, upper and lower mantle, outer and inner core)?

Select one of the following:

Direct sampling
Indirect sampling
Seismic methods
All of the above

Explanation

Question 17 of 102

1

Which seismic wave is transverse and travels slower (and also has 103-180 degree shadow when used to identify the layers of the earth because it cannot travel through the solid core)

Select one of the following:

S-waves
P-waves

Explanation

Question 18 of 102

1

The lithosphere is comprised of the continental/oceanic crust, moho and upper mantle

Select one of the following:

True
Flase

Explanation

Question 19 of 102

1

The mantle is comprised of the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 20 of 102

1

Travel times from seismic waves help to tell us about the internal structure of the earth (changes in wave velocity reflect the rheology and composition of the crust, mantle and core)

Select one of the following:

True
Flase

Explanation

Question 21 of 102

1

The density and flow of material in the mantle and core is uniform

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 22 of 102

1

What crust is underlain by sharp Moho, comprised of young igneous rocks (max 180 Ma) and is a 5-7km thick layered structure

Select one of the following:

Oceanic crust
Continental crust

Explanation

Question 23 of 102

1

Side-to-side movements of plates along fault is known as what?

Select one of the following:

Right/left lateral faults
Dip slip faults
Stick slip faults (elastic rebound)

Explanation

Question 24 of 102

1

The Richter magnitude scale of measuring earthquakes uses seismometers to measure the earthquake and then processes the figure and places it on a logarithmic scale

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 25 of 102

1

Foreshocks, main shock and aftershocks can all be measured using a seismometer

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 26 of 102

1

Earthquakes occur at which plate boundaries?

Select one of the following:

Conservative and constructive
Conservative and destructive
Constructive and destructive
Only conservative
At all plate boundaries

Explanation

Question 27 of 102

1

What were the principles of Geosyncline Theory?

Select one of the following:

Deepening and filling of basins were caused by crustal contraction and the Earth's heat crushed and folded land forming mountain chains
Considered all continents drifted away from a single large landmass; ideas largely dismissed by scientific community until late 1950s

Explanation

Question 28 of 102

1

Which of the following provides evidence for continental drift?

Select one of the following:

Continental fit
Geological fit
Tectonic fit
Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
All of the above

Explanation

Question 29 of 102

1

Which of the following evidence for continental drift was not available to Alfred Lothar Wegener when he came up with his theorem that all the continents drifted away from a single large landmass?

Select one of the following:

Continental fit
Geological fit
Tectonic fit
Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
Paleaomagnetic evidence

Explanation

Question 30 of 102

1

With regards to the theory that all the continents drifted away from a single land mass; the fact that plant and reptile species are similar in continents that are now separated by oceans suggests that these continents must have at some point been connected to allow for this movement, is classed under which of the following categories?

Select one of the following:

Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
Tectonic evidence

Explanation

Question 31 of 102

1

What mechanism did Wegener suggest was responsible for the drifting of continents?

Select one of the following:

Continents moved through oceanic crust, like an icebreaker
Thermal convection currents in the mantle moved the continents
Magnetic field of the earth caused the (magnetic) continental crust to move

Explanation

Question 32 of 102

1

Atoms in minerals and rocks align to the Earth's dipole, only when heat is present. Given this information, which of the following statements is false?

Select one of the following:

Thermoremnant magnetisation: when the high temperature of the material (magma) allows the atoms to align to the same magnetic direction as the Earth's dipole with ease
Detrital remnant magnetisation: when magma cools (igneous rock) its atoms might align to the same direction as the Earth's dipole, at that time because the temperature is suffice to allow for realignment
Chemical remnant magnetisation: during a chemical reaction, heat might be given out, and atoms can realign to the Earth's dipole at that time
The magnetic dipole of the Earth is fixed throughout time and atomic dipoles are only induced when there is sufficient heat

Explanation

Question 33 of 102

1

Apparent polar wander paths are useful because...

Select one of the following:

They provide evidence for continental drift
Enables rocks in different areas to be correlated with each other
Can explain presence of rock types, that were formed in different climates, in the same area
All of the above

Explanation

Question 34 of 102

1

The magnetic pole is fixed. Apparent polar wander paths uses the model of it 'wondering' to enable recordings of changes in declination of the land; thereby, all continents have their own apparent polar wondering path

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 35 of 102

1

Sea floor spreading is a process thereby new oceanic crust forms at an oceanic ridge due to volcanic activity, and gradually moves away from the ridge. This theory from Harry Hammond Hess can help explain what?

Select one of the following:

How the continents could actually move- mechanism
Enabled us to record the Earth's dipole through time because horizontal strips preserve the dipole of Earth over specific time period
Both of the above

Explanation

Question 36 of 102

1

Who proposed mantel convection?

Select one of the following:

Holmes
Wilson
Wegener

Explanation

Question 37 of 102

1

What is currently believed to be the main driver of plate movement?

Select one of the following:

Convection currents in the mantle
Ridge push and slab pull

Explanation

Question 38 of 102

1

What did Tuzo-Wilson propose, in 1963, to explain how volcanic activity can occur away from plate boundaries (such as Hawaii)

Select one of the following:

Hotspot and plume theory
Continental drift
Apparent polar wondering paths
Sea-floor spreading

Explanation

Question 39 of 102

1

What creates island chains like Hawaii?

Select one of the following:

Extension that permits rise of partial melt from the asthenosphere
Mantle plumes that convectively bring unusually hot mantle from the core-mantle boundary
There is a debate over which one is true (perhaps both are factors)

Explanation

Question 40 of 102

1

The magnetic field vector is parallel to the Earth's surface in equatorial regions and becomes progressively more steeply inclined towards the polar regions; therefore, if rocks preserve the orientation of magnetic field vector at the time of their formation, and can be dated, the latitude at which they formed can be inferred

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 41 of 102

1

In hot magma, the dipoles change orientation rapidly, so magma can have permanent magnetisation

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 42 of 102

1

Why do volcanoes erupt?

Select one of the following:

Due to magma buoyancy: the hot magma is less dense that the crustal rock and therefore is rises to the surface; heat source is from radioactive decay, mantle convection and residual from cooling of the earth
Gases (volatiles): come out of solution at shallow depths and decrease the density of magma allowing it to rise faster; bubble formation is called vesiculation. Bubbles can join up and become a stream of gas with blobs of magma in it- called fragmentation.
Gases (volatiles) can get trapped in the viscous magma, this speeds up flow towards the surface (increases pressure) and paid expansion at the vent causes an explosive eruption
Magma recharge is required to keep feeding a volcanic eruption/magma chamber
All of the answers in combination cause volcanoes to erupt

Explanation

Question 43 of 102

1

Where are volcanoes found?

Select one of the following:

Subduction zones- shield thin [basalt] volcanoes (effusive)
Intra-plate hotspots
Destructive plate boundaries- composite thick felsic [rhyolite] volcanos (explosive)
At all of the above

Explanation

Question 44 of 102

1

Which of the following definitions id incorrect?

Select one of the following:

Magmatic - related to magma or magmatic gases; classification dependent on explosivity and column height or type-behaviour
Hydrovolcanic - eruptions generated by heating of water external to magma
Phreatic - dry-land steam blast eruptions, no magma erupted
Phreatomagmatic - partially hydrovolcanic and partially phreatic

Explanation

Question 45 of 102

1

The collapse of a lava dome (which is formed by viscous magma erupted effusively) can cause extremely dangerous pyroclastic flow

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 46 of 102

1

Which of the following is not the particle name and size for materials present in pyroclastic flow?

Select one of the following:

Blocks/bombs| over 64mm
Lapilli | under 64 mm
Volcanic ash | under 2 mm
Volcanic dust | under 0.063 mm
Volcanic micro-cloud | under 0.000064 mm

Explanation

Question 47 of 102

1

Which of the following is the definition of pyroclastic surge (and not pyroclastic flow)?

Select one of the following:

A more energetic and dilute mixture of searing gas and rock fragments. Move easily up and over ridges; flows ten to follow valleys
High-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas move down the sides of volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses. Can reach over 800 degrees and move at 100-150 mph

Explanation

Question 48 of 102

1

Fill in the blank: Higher silicone dioxide content (thus viscosity and ability to trap gas) and contact with water '...' explosivity

Select one of the following:

Increase
Decrease
Do not effect

Explanation

Question 49 of 102

1

Traditional names from classic eruptions are used to describe other eruptions and volcano forms. The problem with this is...?

Select one of the following:

They poorly define volcanoes and are subjective
It measures the height of eruption column and degree of explosivity

Explanation

Question 50 of 102

1

Postglacial volcanism in Iceland is dominated by which type of rock (lava)

Select one of the following:

Silicic
Intermediate
Basaltic

Explanation

Question 51 of 102

1

Prediction of future volcanic activity is simple and unchallenging

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 52 of 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau is an umbrella term for mountain chains including: Karakoram Mountains, Hindu Kush and Tien Shan | generally 4,000-5,000m

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 53 of 102

1

How was the Tibetan Plateau formed?

Select one of the following:

By continental collision (destructive plate boundary) when the Indian plate moved northwards into the Eurasian plate
By continental collision (on a transition plate boundary) when the Indian plate formed a dip fault with the Eurasian plate

Explanation

Question 54 of 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau is 5% of the Earth's land area but produces what percentage of total river sediment load?

Select one of the following:

10%
25%
40%
55%

Explanation

Question 55 of 102

1

Which of the following are features of the Tibetan Plateau's geomorphology?

Select one of the following:

Land uplift and creation of relief- encouraged high chemical/physical weathering and river downcutting
Sediment fills of more than 3km thick gravels deposited in fault-controlled sedimentary basins
Drainage pattern of the Brahmaputra river - drainage was diverted by rising mountains
All of these

Explanation

Question 56 of 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau casts a rain shadow on central Asia, as it's uplift acts as a topographic barrier preventing monsoons from reaching central Asia

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 57 of 102

1

Winter monsoon winds blowing NW to SE transport fine sediment to central china (because summers are dry due to uplift of Tibetan Plateau) - resulting in depositions of 'loess'

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 58 of 102

1

What is 'loess'

Select one of the following:

Wind blown silt deposits, yellow to grey in colour, grains are angular, sediment comprises of: quartz, feldspar, mica and clay minerals bound together with a calcareous cement
Region immediately south east of the Tibetan Plateau

Explanation

Question 59 of 102

1

How are silt-sized particles produced (in Loess)?

Select one of the following:

Mechanical weathering of metamorphic rocks
Chemical weathering of metamorphic rocks
Glacial grinding
Frost action
Fluvial erosion
All of the above

Explanation

Question 60 of 102

1

Loess covers what percentage of the Earth's land surface (mainly in periglacial areas, continental interiors, associated with major rivers and mountain ranges)?

Select one of the following:

0-5%
5-10%
10-15%

Explanation

Question 61 of 102

1

Which one of the following is correct with regards to Loess records?

Select one of the following:

Strong winter monsoon = coarser sediments, higher sedimentation rates
Strong winter monsoon = finer sediments, lower sedimentation rates
Loess sequences contain buried soils (palaeosols), these sequences can't be dated and are, therefore, not used in geomagnetic polarity

Explanation

Question 62 of 102

1

What term is used to illustrate the significance of the Tibetan Plateau- because it is the source of 10 major river systems that provide irrigation, power and drinking water for over 1.3 billion people in Asia?

Select one of the following:

The third pole
The major source
Asia's north pole
Danny Driver

Explanation

Question 63 of 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau has shown now effects of climate change

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 64 of 102

1

Which of the following is the definition of weathering (the other is the definition of erosion)?

Select one of the following:

Processes of the breakdown of rocks and minerals in situ (in place)
Process of breakdown of rocks and minerals and the transport of the products

Explanation

Question 65 of 102

1

Which of the following are internal forces acting on a rock?

Select one of the following:

Heating, cooling, chemical reactions, circulation of air/water (weathering)
Loading and interaction with the outside environment (erosion)

Explanation

Question 66 of 102

1

Which one of the following the definition of 'stress' with regards to weathering (the other is strength)

Select one of the following:

Forces that act to pull a rock apart- tensile (cracking), compressive (squashing), shear (sliding) plus gravity
Forces that act to keep a rock together- atomic, chemical, cohesion and friction

Explanation

Question 67 of 102

1

What is physical weathering?

Select one of the following:

Where rocks break down into smaller compenents by mechanical processes (e.g. pressure, temperature, ice salt crystal growth; frost shattering, granular disintegration, exfoliation)
Break down of chemical bonds holding rocks together, or a process that causes changes in the composition of minerals within rocks (solution, hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction, carbonation plus biological processes- enhance chemical weathering by production of organic acids

Explanation

Question 68 of 102

1

Physical weathering is more likely to occur at lower temperatures and lower precipitation rates

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 69 of 102

1

Limestone is chemically weathered via carbonation and this dissolution can create distinctive karstic topographies and river drainage patterns

Select one of the following:

True
Flase

Explanation

Question 70 of 102

1

Mechanics of airflow are similar to water-flow, but different fluid densities (viscosity)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 71 of 102

1

Which of the following is true for the comparison between air and water?

Select one of the following:

For a given sediment grain size, air needs to be travelling more quickly than water in order to facilitate transport
Air is more efficient at sediment sorting than water
Airflow is affected by air temperature (cold air is able to carry sediment more easily than warm air because it is more dense)
All of the above

Explanation

Question 72 of 102

1

Which of the following is true for a high pressure system in deserts?

Select one of the following:

Descending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and high chemical/mechanical weathering
Ascending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and low chemical/mechanical weathering

Explanation

Question 73 of 102

1

Loess deposits in... (i.e. not dust transport)

Select one of the following:

Cold deserts
Hot deserts

Explanation

Question 74 of 102

1

What is deflation (the other is threshold velocity)?

Select one of the following:

General term describing all the processes by which sediment is moved by wind
Minimum wind speed needed to move a sediment grain of a certain size

Explanation

Question 75 of 102

1

Which of the following is impact threshold (the other is fluid threshold)?

Select one of the following:

The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is already in motion
The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is stationary

Explanation

Question 76 of 102

1

Which of the following does not influence sediment transport in air?

Select one of the following:

Wind speed
Wind direction
Sediment availability
Vegetation cover
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentrations

Explanation

Question 77 of 102

1

What is an erosional landform (examples include: lag gravels, ventifacts, yardangs, deflation hollows)?

Select one of the following:

Where capacity for transport is lower than sediment supply
Where capacity for transport is higher than supply

Explanation

Question 78 of 102

1

Wind erosion causes an accumulation of large pebbles in deposit site, creating a desert pavement

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 79 of 102

1

Which of the following statements is not true?

Select one of the following:

Sand dune size increases in this order: ripples, dunes, mega-dunes, sand seas)
Dunes may be superimposed on one another
Dunes are always fixed (stable) and never free (unstable)
Dunes can be active at the present time or relict (inactive)
Presence or size of dunes can indicate climate changes

Explanation

Question 80 of 102

1

What type of sand dune is this and under what conditions does it form?

Select one of the following:

Barchan dune (flat landscape, one direction wind, little or no vegetation, limited sand supply
Longitudinal dune (when barchan dunes join together and form ridges perpendicular to the wind direction; sand supply is abundant)
Star dunes (controls include wind strength, vegetation cover and sediment supply- this controls all dunes)
Parabolic dune (strong winds erode section of vegetated sand a.k.a. blowout- vegetation hold the 'arms' of the dunes in place as the leeward 'nose' of the dune migrates forward)

Explanation

Question 81 of 102

1

Desert varnish is dark coating on rocks found in arid regions, dominantly composed of fine-grained clay minerals)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 82 of 102

1

What evidence is there that wind activity occurs/occurred on Mars?

Select one of the following:

Sand dunes all over the place
Strong winds
Sand dunes present
Loose sediment located on lee-sides of boulders
Presence of ventifacts
All of the above

Explanation

Question 83 of 102

1

Sand dunes have been found on Titan (Saturn 's moon), this provides evidence for what?

Select one of the following:

There is or has been air flow
There is presence of water

Explanation

Question 84 of 102

1

What is the difference between desertification and drought/aridification?

Select one of the following:

Desertification is a long-term process, whereas drought/aridification is short term
Desertification is directly related to human activity (e.g. overgrazing, over-cultivation, deforestation, salinisation)
Desertification does no affect semiarid areas, whereas drought/aridification are important processes that affect semi-arid areas

Explanation

Question 85 of 102

1

Soil is a mixture of weathered mineral grains and organic matter

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 86 of 102

1

What are colloids (ref. soil)?

Select one of the following:

Aggregates of fine particles
Small weathered rock fragments
Organic matter in soil
Soil water which helps translocation of chemical constituents and fine particles through the soil

Explanation

Question 87 of 102

1

What soil percentage composition is correct?

Select one of the following:

Air 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, organic matter 5%
Organic matter 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, air 5%
Mineral particles 45%, water 25%, air 25%, organic matter 5%

Explanation

Question 88 of 102

1

Which form of soil water is available to plants?

Select one of the following:

Hydroscopic water (held atomically to mineral grains)
Capillary water (free water that can move in any direction)
Gravitational water (moves only downwards under gravity)
All of the above

Explanation

Question 89 of 102

1

Which of the following is how we categorise soils?

Select one of the following:

Texture, structure, chemistry and colour
Texture, smell, grain size and colour
Absorption ability, atomic structure, chemical composition, colour

Explanation

Question 90 of 102

1

Which one of the following is incorrect in terms of the chemical process that occurs at each level of soil?

Select one of the following:

Horizon- zone of plant/organic life
Organic horizon- zone of decomposition of non-organic matter
Topsoil- zone of leaching/eluviation
Subsoil- zone of accumulation illuviation
Regolith- zone of parent material

Explanation

Question 91 of 102

1

What chemical process occurs in topsoil?

Select one of the following:

Leaching: where anions, formed from the breakdown of humans, attach to clay particles, and are then replaced by H+ ions; which are washed through soil and redeposited in the subsoil
Eluviation: translocation of fine particles downwards in the soil profile in regolith zone
The rate of H+ translocation down soil is a measure of the organic matter, and therefore potential fertility, there is in the soil (cation exchange capacity)

Explanation

Question 92 of 102

1

What quantifying measuring system is used to determine soil colour?

Select one of the following:

Mundane dips
Mushy chips
Munsell dips
Munsell chips

Explanation

Question 93 of 102

1

Which of the following is not a control on soil formation?

Select one of the following:

Climate- weathering, ecosystems and vegetation type
Wind speed and direction
Parent material
Topography (and slope)
Soil organisms
Time

Explanation

Question 94 of 102

1

Choose the soil type that not correct and has a bogus definition

Select one of the following:

Podzols (acidic, strongly leached, low in nutrients= boreal- white/grey horizon)
Laterites (humid sub/tropics, high chemical weathering and leaching, low organic matter, high eluviation, deep soil, deep red in colour)
Gleys (waterlogged soils, high clay content, blue/grey in colour)
Calcified (arid areas, gentle leaching and eluviation, light soil colour)
Salinised (salt accumulation, upwards translocation)
Conservation (shallow/contour ploughing, high vegetation cover, mulching, fallowing, intercropping)

Explanation

Question 95 of 102

1

Which of the following are erosivity factors and not erodibility factors

Select one of the following:

Rainfall and run-off factors
Soil properties, vegetation type, topography and land-use practices

Explanation

Question 96 of 102

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Soil erosion processes and conservation methods should minimise ( translocation, eluviation, leaching ) and maintain a ( surface vegetation cover, parent material, contour ploughing )

Explanation

Question 97 of 102

1

Mass movement is related to slope stability. Stability is determined by the interplay between material strength on a given slope, and gravity. What else determines slope stability?

Select one of the following:

Slope angle
Weathering and climate
Water content
Vegetation cover
Overloading
All of the above

Explanation

Question 98 of 102

1

Fill in the blank: Shear strength of a slope is determined by '...' this gives the angle of repose (of loose debris)

Select one of the following:

The material strength and cohesion of the sediment on the slope
The internal friction of the slope
Both of the above could be used

Explanation

Question 99 of 102

1

Mass movement takes place when gravity is weaker than resistance of the slope to failure

Select one of the following:

False
True

Explanation

Question 100 of 102

1

Which of the following id the definition of mass movement via flows?

Select one of the following:

Mixtures of particles of different sizes, plus water/ice that cohesively move down a slope; rate determined by viscosity e.g. sandrun
Movement of intact blocks along planes of weakness e.g. avalanche slide
Individual detached blocks e.g. rubble fall
Generally viscous material moving down slope in a creep process e.g. frost heave - periglacial

Explanation

Question 101 of 102

1

Human activity can increase frequency of mass movement (e.g. building on steep slopes, changes in land use, land drainage, mine spoil heaps)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 102 of 102

1

Prevention of mass movements include drainage, cut and fill hill slopes ,rock bolts

Select one of the following:

True
False

	Created by Monty Leaman over 7 years ago

Quiz on Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15), created by Monty Leaman on 16/05/2017.

Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

Question 1 of 102

Which of the following is not a subcomponent of the Earth system

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 102

An open system has an exchange of ...

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 102

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of Systems?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 102

What term describes 'where similar states of the system can be achieved in different ways'

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 102

What term describes 'where a system is regulated by intensifying (positive) or opposing (negative) the direction of the system'

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 102

Which of the following is the definition for 'relaxation time'?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 102

What minerals are dominant components of most rocks (Felsic- e.g. Quartz, Mafic- iron and magnesium rich- heavier and darker)?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 102

Silicate rocks make up what percentage of all rocks world wide?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 102

Extrusive igneous rocks cool slowly and form a large crystalline structure

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 102

Contact metamorphism (as opposed to regional and dynamic metamorphism) occurs in the presence of what?

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Explanation

Question 11 of 102

Which rock type is formed by geomorphological processes on the earths surface (including: rivers, coasts, deep seas, lakes, mountain sides and deserts)?

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Explanation

Question 12 of 102

Is this picture correct?

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Question 13 of 102

Which of the following is not a method by which we measure geological time?

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Question 14 of 102

Which of the following is not a principle of relative age dating?

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Question 15 of 102

How long ago was the Earth formed?

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Question 16 of 102

How do we know the internal structure of the Earth (lithosphere, upper and lower mantle, outer and inner core)?

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Explanation

Question 17 of 102

Which seismic wave is transverse and travels slower (and also has 103-180 degree shadow when used to identify the layers of the earth because it cannot travel through the solid core)

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Explanation

Question 18 of 102

The lithosphere is comprised of the continental/oceanic crust, moho and upper mantle

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Question 19 of 102

The mantle is comprised of the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere

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Explanation

Question 20 of 102

Travel times from seismic waves help to tell us about the internal structure of the earth (changes in wave velocity reflect the rheology and composition of the crust, mantle and core)