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Quiz on Labelling Theory & Action Theories SCLY4, created by merryreindeer on 29/05/2014.

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Labelling Theory & Action Theories SCLY4

Question 1 of 50

1

Labelling theorists believe that 'deviance' is a social construction - Becker (1963)
E.G. killing an individual is not labelled as deviant if it is committed by a soldier at war

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

1

What is differential enforcement?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Differential Enforcement refers to the social control agencies (police, courts etc.) tendency to label particular/certain groups as criminal.

  • Differential Enforcement refers to the idea of individuals being treated the same way, regardless of elements of their identity.

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

1

When did Piliavin and Briar coin this term - and what did they find?

Select one of the following:

  • 1964 - found that the social control agencies (e.g. police, courts) tended to arrest individuals based on pre-existing stereotypes surrounding race, ethnicity, gender, class, manner, time and place.

  • 1963 - all people are treated the same, regardless of elements of their identity.

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

1

What perspective does Labelling Theory derive from? and why/how is this?

Select one of the following:

  • Interactionism - because they're interested in the INTERACTIONS between the law enforcement agencies and the suspects.

  • Functionalism

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

1

What does Interactionism focus on?

Select one of the following:

  • Micro-level, face to face interactions and negotiations, that seek to understanding the meaning behind individual's actions - and how these meanings have been created.

  • Macro level, structural theory that makes assumptions about the causes of the individual's actions.

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

1

What is a typification? And who came up with the concept?

Select one of the following:

  • Cicourel (1976) - and it is another word for a 'stereotype'

  • Becker (1963) - and it is another word for a 'stereotype'

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

1

Who, in accordance to Cicourel (1976) are more likely to be stopped, arrested and search as a result of this typification?

Select one of the following:

  • Working Class & Ethnic Minority Juveniles - are more likely to be arrested. Once arrested, those from broken homes were more likely to be charged.

  • Middle Class Juveniles - with parents/significant others able to negotiate on their behalf. As a result of this they are more likely to be charged.

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

1

Marxists criticise the theory of Typification by Cicourel (1976) as it fails to explain where these stereotypes had originated from - and overlook the influence of the Capitalist structure of society.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

1

Crime Statistics, in accordance to Cicourel should be approached with caution - and analysed as TOPICS, not as RESOURCES.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

1

Will labelling certain individuals as 'deviant' encourage them to become more deviant? (In accordance to Lemert - 1972)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

1

What is primary deviance?

Select one of the following:

  • An act that has been formally labelled as deviant.

  • An act that has yet to be formally labelled as deviant.

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

1

What is secondary deviance?

Select one of the following:

  • Resulting from societal reaction i.e. the labelling of that individual as a deviant. In doing so, stigmatisation is often rife - as is the exclusion of them from normal society. This exclusion from normal society, and the label of deviant can often lead to 'deviant' becoming the MASTER STATUS or the CONTROLLING IDENTITY. Difficult to escape/often seek the company of others who support his master status - thus revert to crime.

  • -

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

1

A self fulfilling prophecy refers to the crisis that an individual may feel as a result of being labelled, and a shift in their self concept whereby they live up to the label. (Secondary Deviance)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

1

Who studied Hippy, Marijuana users as a way to illustrate the process of a self-fulfilling prophecy? And when?

Select one of the following:

  • Cicourel (1976)

  • Young (1981)

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

1

A moral entrepreneur is an individual or a group who believes it is their duty to label particular behaviour and continuing to speed this label throughout society. They seek to influence a particular group to maintain or abide to particular norms.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

1

The Deviance Amplification Spiral refers to the attempt to control deviance leading to it increasing rather than quashing it. This results in greater attempts to control it, thus more deviance occurs and ultimately an escalating spiral.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

1

Is there a similarity between Deviance Amplification and Lemert's idea of secondary deviance?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

1

What are the key principles of Interactionism in accordance to Blumer (1969)

Select one of the following:

  • - Our actions are based on the meanings we give to situations/people etc. They are not automatic responses to stimuli.
    - These meanings arise from interactions and are to some extent negotiable & changeable.
    - The meanings we give to situations are mainly the result of taking the role of the other.

  • - Human beings are passively responding to the system's needs
    - We do not interpret the meanings around us in any such way, instead the meaning we gain is the meaning offered to us from those with the power.
    - Human Conduct is not individualistic. Assumptions can be made about the entirety of human being's conduct, as we all interpret situations in the same way.

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

1

Blumer argues that although the action we take is partly predictable, because we internalise the expectations of others (so for example, a little boy whose mother openly does not wish for him to eat the last cookie out of the cookie jar may, more often than not, not consume the cookie - due to the expectation by his mother that he won't) - however, there is always some room for choice in how we perform our roles. (he may choose to ignore his mother's wishes.)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

1

What are the 3 Interactionist concepts that Labelling Theorists use?

Select one of the following:

  • - Definition of the situation (Thomas)
    - Looking glass self (Cooley)
    - Career (Becker)

  • - Social Solidarity
    - Consensus
    - The Organic Analogy

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

1

The criticisms of labelling theory include that it fails to take into account the origins of that label, which may have occurred as a result of the wider social structures such as class inequality. It also fails to explain the consistent patterns of behaviour that humans have.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

1

Who came up with the Dramaturgical Model?

Select one of the following:

  • Goffman

  • G H. Mead

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

1

Goffman assumes that human beings are:

Select one of the following:

  • - Passive to the world around them and the influence of the wider social structures
    - Are labelled and exist within the label given to us by others.

  • - Active & Knowledgeable
    - Construct our own 'self' by manipulating others.
    - Different in social settings than when alone.
    - Are social con artists (role-distancing).

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

1

What are two key Dramaturgical Concepts?

Select one of the following:

  • - Presentation of Self
    - Impression Management

  • - Master Status
    - Verstehen

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

1

Role distancing describes a gap that exists between our 'real selves' and our roles.
They are loosely scripted by society but allow for a lot of freedom in how we play them.
(e.g. the role of a teacher is to educate those you associate with, however - there are numerous ways in which one can seek to play the role of teacher)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

1

Phenomenology is a philosophical term used to describe things as they appear to our senses. We can never really have definite knowledge of our surroundings, as all we know is based on what our minds tell us.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

1

Who applied Phenomenology to the Social World?

Select one of the following:

  • Schutz

  • Thomas

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

1

Sharing the categories we have created to explain the social world with others is a key part of Phenomenological Theories

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

1

A typification, in Schutz's theory, refers to the organisation of our experiences into a world of shared meanings. Contrasts to G H. Mead who argues that the meanings we create are entirely individual.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

1

The meaning of an action is dependent on the context. Not the actual action itself. This means that 'meanings' are unclear and unstable. For example, the meaning of an individual making sexual advances towards you when you have known them for a significant amount of time and are comfortable with them, would be different to an individual with whom you had no previous social contact with approaching you with sexual implications in a club. Same act, different context.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

1

Do typifications make social order possible?

Select one of the following:

  • - Yes. They give members of society a shared experience or 'common sense' knowledge that allows us to make sense of our experiences.

  • - No. Individuals do not seek a shared experience in order to make sense of their world.

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

1

What is another term used to describe the concept of 'Common Sense Knowledge?'

Select one of the following:

  • - Recipe Knowledge

  • - Recipe Insight

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

1

What does Recipe Knowledge refer to?

Select one of the following:

  • Knowing the recipe to Sweet Potato Brownies off by heart. Powerful stuff.

  • We follow this common sense knowledge like a recipe, with little deviation and without thinking too much - we then use it to make sense of the everyday world.

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

1

What does inter-subjective refer to?

Select one of the following:

  • A psychological relationship between people, and how our social world can only exist if we share the same meanings. Contrasts G H. Mead whose ideas are criticised for assuming human nature/interaction is on an individualistic basis.

  • An individual experience had by all, whereby in which we have our own meanings which in no way are similar to others around us.

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

1

What does Schutz conclude:

Select one of the following:

  • That the world is a social construct that is 'out there' - created by the shared goals of the members of society. In turn, one can co-operate and achieve goals.

  • That reality is not merely social constructed. It takes on a life of its own and becomes an external reality that ultimately shapes our lives.

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

1

Who is the key Ethnomethodological Sociologist?

Select one of the following:

  • Garfinkel

  • Goffman

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

1

Who is the key Ethnomethodological Sociologist?

Select one of the following:

  • Garfinkel

  • Goffman

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

1

Does the process of the construction of social order start from the top (e.g. those in power) or from the bottom? (e.g. the everyday citizens)

Select one of the following:

  • Those in power. They actively shape our understanding of reality and of society, the common sense knowledge they create is the knowledge that we use to understand the society in which we live in.

  • The everyday citizens. The bottoms up approach refers to the idea that our everyday life is constructed based on the creation of common sense knowledge that is shared.

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

1

In accordance to Garfinkel.. what is the role of the sociologist?

Select one of the following:

  • To uncover the socially constructed taken-for-granted knowledge used to construct social reality.

  • -

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

1

Indexicality refers to the idea of meanings being unclear and unstable. This can lead to a loss of social order because a lack of communication can result in social relationships breaking down.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

1

Reflexivity refers to one's use of the shared common sense knowledge to create social order and meaning, thus preventing Indexicality. Therefore, how can we achieve this?

Select one of the following:

  • - Language, through sharing our experiences through speech it confirms the existence of the 'out there' social reality for us. However, essentially all we have done is create shared meanings.

  • -

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

1

What is the name of the type of experiment Garfinkel used to illustrate the existence of common-sense knowledge?

Select one of the following:

  • Breaching. Refers to when one disrupts the expectations of a situation, e.g. acting like a lodger in a parent's house.

  • Birthing.

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

1

One of the criticisms of Ethnomethodology is that they spend a lot of time uncovering trivial taken for granted rules that then don't appear to surprise anybody.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

1

What is the name of Giddens theory that combines both action and structural theories?

Select one of the following:

  • Structural Action Theory

  • Functionalism

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

1

What is key term used to describe Gidden's idea that structure and action theories cannot exist without each other?

Select one of the following:

  • Duality of structure.

  • Structure of Duality.

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

1

What is key term used to describe Gidden's idea that structure and action theories cannot exist without each other?

Select one of the following:

  • Duality of structure.

  • Structure of Duality.

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

1

An example of how our actions produce, reproduce and change structure over time is LANGUAGE.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

1

What are the two elements of structure?

Select one or more of the following:

  • - Rules (the norms, customs that govern everyday life)
    - Resources (power over others/economic resources)

    - THEY CAN EITHER BE REPRODUCED OR CHANGED. TEND TO BE REPRODUCED BECAUSE WE REFER TO EXISTING SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT EXIST WITHIN OUR KNOWLEDGE.
    - WE HAVE A DEEP ROOTED NEED FOR ONTOLOGICAL SECURITY

  • -

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

1

What does ontological security refer to?

Select one or more of the following:

  • - A need to know that the world is safe, stable and predictable.

  • - A need to know that the world is unsafe, unstable and unpredictable.

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

1

Social change can occur because we actively can change structures through our actions. If we disagree with someone, we can form campaign groups to raise awareness for the subject matter and ultimately alter the structure that exists.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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