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Psych 215 Final Exam

Question 1 of 50

1

If a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is essentially guaranteed to be different from the population mean. In general, the naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called what?

Select one of the following:

  • type I error

  • type II error

  • sampling error

  • inferential error

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

1

When an observer switches recording from one behavior during one interval to another behavior during another interval, it is known as ____ sampling.

Select one of the following:

  • time

  • individual

  • event

  • frequency

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

1

What outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect?

Select one of the following:

  • Type I error

  • a Type II error

  • correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

  • correctly failing to reject the null hypothesis

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

1

A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material outside of class. For this study, the average of 4.1 hours is an example of a(n) ____.

Select one of the following:

  • parameter

  • statistic

  • population

  • sample

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

1

The idiographic approach to research involves ____.

Select one of the following:

  • direct observation of individuals without their knowledge

  • interviewing people in a small group setting

  • the intensive study of one individual

  • the study of groups

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

1

What is the purpose for using habituation in an observational research study?

Select one of the following:

  • It helps ensure the objectivity of the measurements.

  • It helps ensure the reliability of the measurements.

  • It provides an operational definition for the variables being measured.

  • It helps ensure that the people being observed are not influenced by the presence of an observer.

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

1

Content analysis involves using behavioral observation techniques to record behaviors that ____.

Select one of the following:

  • occurred in the past

  • occur in institutional settings such as hospitals or prisons

  • occur in response to the researcher's suggestion

  • occur in movies or television shows

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

1

One category of data is obtained by measuring one variable for each individual in a single group of participants. What statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?.

Select one of the following:

  • descriptive statistics

  • t tests or analysis of variance

  • correlations or chi-square tests

  • analysis of variance or chi-square tests

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

1

In the observational study of adolescents at the mall, you count the number of social interaction behaviors that occur within a one-hour observation period. This is an example of the ____ method of quantifying behavior.

Select one of the following:

  • frequency

  • duration

  • interval

  • behavior counting

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

1

Which statistic was developed to correct problems with inter-rater reliability?

Select one of the following:

  • Cohen's kappa

  • Cronbach's alpha

  • Kuder-Richardson formula 20

  • Spearman-Brown formula

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

1

If the data in a scatter plot form a nearly perfect circle, the Pearson correlation would be approximately ____.

Select one of the following:

  • +0.8 or +0.9

  • -0.8 or -0.9

  • 1.00

  • zero

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

1

On a questionnaire, Dr. Ondirk asks participants to answer the following questions? "What do you think about the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes?" This is an example of a(n) ____ question.

Select one of the following:

  • restricted

  • rating scale

  • open-ended

  • partially open-ended

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

1

During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to prepare a list of behaviors called behavioral categories before the actual observation begins. The least likely purpose for this procedure is to ____.

Select one of the following:

  • ensure the objectivity of the measurements

  • evaluate the reliability of the measurements

  • provide an operational definition for the variables being measured

  • simplify the recording task for the observer(s)

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

1

A researcher conducts a survey to determine the average number of text messages that college students send or receive during a typical one-hour class. Which research strategy is being used?

Select one of the following:

  • descriptive

  • correlational

  • experimental

  • nonexperimental

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

1

A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local state college. The average number of hours spent sleeping each night for the entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of a ____.

Select one of the following:

  • statistic

  • parameter

  • sample

  • population

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

1

Which type of question is a Likert-type question?

Select one of the following:

  • open-ended

  • restricted

  • rating scale

  • physiological

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

1

Rosenham's research investigating the experiences of patients and patient-staff interactions in psychiatric hospitals is an example of ____.

Select one of the following:

  • participant observation

  • naturalistic observation

  • correlational research

  • case study research

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

1

Which statement identifies a potential problem with Internet surveys?

Select one of the following:

  • They tend to be costly and inefficient.

  • They limit flexibility in presenting questions and response alternatives.

  • It can be difficult to find a group of participants who share a specific interest.

  • It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample.

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

1

Bird watching is most similar to what type of research?

Select one of the following:

  • experimental

  • participant observation

  • naturalistic observation

  • quasi-experimental

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

1

A researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using ____.

Select one of the following:

  • participant observation

  • naturalistic observation

  • contrived observation

  • case study researc

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

1

Which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data?

Select one of the following:

  • parameters

  • statistics

  • descriptive statistics

  • inferential statistics

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

1

If a distribution of numerical scores contains one or two extremely high values, compared to the rest of the scores, which measure of central tendency would produce the most representative value?

Select one of the following:

  • the mean

  • the median

  • the mode

  • the standard deviation

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

1

What would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +.88?

Select one of the following:

  • points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right

  • points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right

  • points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right

  • points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

1

The ages of the children in a summer camp range from 7 to 12 years old. A counselor constructs a frequency distribution graph showing the number of children for each of the six age groups. What kind of graph would be appropriate for this distribution

Select one of the following:

  • a line graph

  • a polygon

  • a bar graph

  • a scatter plot

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

1

A researcher reports a significant correlation using an alpha level of .01 . In this situation, the probability that the researcher is making a ____.

Select one of the following:

  • Type I error is p > .01

  • Type I error is p < .01

  • Type II error is p > .01

  • Type II error is p < .01

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

1

The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with the ____.

Select one of the following:

  • mean for a sample

  • mean for a population

  • variance for a sample

  • variance for a population

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

1

A researcher who wanted to observe behaviors in a private social club would probably need to use ____.

Select one of the following:

  • naturalistic observation

  • participant observation

  • contrived observation

  • unstructured observation

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

1

During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to have two observers record behavior simultaneously. What is the purpose for this procedure?

Select one of the following:

  • It is used to ensure the objectivity of the measurements.

  • It is used to evaluate the reliability of the measurements.

  • It provides an operational definition for the variables being measured.

  • It helps ensure that the behaviors are not influenced by the presence of an observer.

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

1

In a hypothesis test, standard error measures ____.

Select one of the following:

  • the size of the treatment effect

  • variability for the sample data

  • the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error

  • the amount of difference expected just by chance

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

1

A characteristic, usually a numerical value that describes a sample, is called a ____.

Select one of the following:

  • parameter

  • statistic

  • variable

  • constant

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

1

A researcher has measured self-esteem for a sample of 40 first-grade children. The researcher would like to divide the children into two equal‑sized groups consisting of the high self-esteem kids and the low self-esteem kids. Which statistical measure will identify the correct score to serve as the boundary between the high and the low self-esteem groups?

Select one of the following:

  • the mean

  • the median

  • the mode

  • the standard deviation

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

1

If a set of scores has a mean of 45 and a standard deviation of 9, then the scores have a variance of ____.

Select one of the following:

  • 3

  • 4.5

  • 18

  • 81

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

1

What problem is Cohen's kappa intended to correct?

Select one of the following:

  • Split-half reliability tends to underestimate the true reliability of the full test.

  • Split-half reliability tends to overestimate the true reliability of the full test.

  • The simple percentage of agreement tends to underestimate the true level of agreement between two observers.

  • The simple percentage of agreement tends to overestimate the true level of agreement between two observers

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

1

What is an advantage to administering a survey over the Internet?

Select one of the following:

  • 100% response rate

  • survey can be individualized based on responses

  • risk of interviewer bias

  • none of the options are advantages

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

1

What type of question allows participants the greatest flexibility in deciding how to answer?

Select one of the following:

  • open-ended

  • restricted

  • rating scale

  • physiological

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

1

Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____ items

Select one of the following:

  • open-ended

  • restricted

  • rating scale

  • physiological

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

1

How does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental or nonexperimental research strategies?

Select one of the following:

  • It involves comparing groups of scores.

  • It does not concern relationships between variables.

  • It attempts to describe and explain relationships between variables.

  • It does not involve the measurement of variables.

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

1

One category of data is obtained by measuring two different variables for each individual in a single group of participants. What statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?

Select one of the following:

  • descriptive statistics

  • t tests or analysis of variance

  • correlations or chi-square tests

  • analysis of variance or chi-square tests

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

1

Where is a score of X = 45 located in a distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 12?

Select one of the following:

  • slightly above average

  • far above average

  • slightly below average

  • far below average

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

1

What is a limitation of survey research?

Select one of the following:

  • It only can be used to measure attitudes and opinions.

  • It cannot be used to measure specific behaviors.

  • The results are often difficult to evaluate.

  • The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

1

A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local state college. The entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of a ____.

Select one of the following:

  • statistic

  • parameter

  • sample

  • population

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

1

In an observational study of children in a day care setting, you select one participant at a time for observation. This is an example of using ____.

Select one of the following:

  • time sampling

  • event sampling

  • individual sampling

  • interval methodology

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

1

A scatter plot shows data points that are widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right. Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data? [ASK ABOUT THIS ONE]

Select one or more of the following:

  • 0.80

  • 0.40

  • 0.40.

  • 0.80.

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

1

A researcher studies a group of 25 preschool children in order to answer questions about the entire population of preschool children. What general categories of statistical techniques will this researcher be using?

Select one of the following:

  • parameters

  • statistics

  • descriptive statistics

  • inferential statistics

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

1

The ____ method for quantifying observations involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs in a specified period of time.

Select one of the following:

  • duration

  • frequency

  • interval

  • time sample

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

1

If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?

Select one of the following:

  • nominal only

  • nominal or ordinal

  • ratio only

  • interval or ratio

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

1

When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past, the measurement process is called ____.

Select one of the following:

  • behavioral observation

  • event sampling

  • content analysis

  • archival research

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

1

Which method for administering a survey requires the greatest amount of time from the researcher?

Select one of the following:

  • mailing surveys

  • making phone calls

  • distributing surveys to a group of participants

  • using the Internet

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

1

What is the definition of variance?

Select one of the following:

  • the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

  • the average distance from the mean

  • the square root of the average distance from the mean

  • the average squared distance from the mean

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

1

A researcher has pairs of college student participants play a card game in the laboratory. However, the game is rigged to ensure that one participant experiences a long losing streak so that the researcher can observe how the losing students behave when they are frustrated. For this study, what kind of behavioral observation is being used?

Select one of the following:

  • naturalistic observation

  • participant observation

  • contrived observation

  • unstructured observation

Explanation

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