Chapter 8: The Defense and The Building of Christendom

The great natural harbor of Constantinople through which the city became rich and powerful:

"image-breaking":

The rejection of the use of images depicting holy people and things as idolatry as well as the destruction of such images:

"right-teaching"

Capitalized, this word came to refer to the Eastern branch of Christianity:

The Arabic name for Spain or Iberia:
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Title given to Charlemagne by the pope on Christmas Day, 800:

An official appointed by Charlemagne as the governor of a province or region:

Latin meaning "companion":

Monk of the Abbey of Jarrow in northern England, author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People:

Eastern Roman emperor who defeated the Muslims and stopped their advance into Europe - then became an advocate of the heresy of iconoclasm:

Arabic Muslim conqueror of Iberia:

First king of the Asturias, commander of Christian resistance against Muslim conquerors:

"Charles the Hammer", mayor of the palace, victor at Tours:

Son of Charles Martel, first Carolingian king of the Franks:

Apostle to the Germans, crowned Pepin the Short king of the Franks:

"Charlemagne" - son of Pepin the Short, king of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans:

English monk and scholar; Charlemagne's supervisor of schools and teacher at the royal court:

Troops moving at the head of an army:

A mixture of chemicals not exactly known to modern science; was shot as a liquid out of a pumped cannon and caught fire as soon as it was wetted:

Encouraging resistance to or an uprising against the government or other lawful authority:

To restore to a peaceful state; to subdue:

a governor who rules in place of a king:

Lands ruled by a duke:

Peaceful:

The society and culture of Europe, formed and founded on the Christian Faith: