B7

Name the four functions of our skeleton

What happens to the proteins in muscles when they contract?

How does cross-sectional area affect the strength of a muscle?

What happens to their shape when muscles relax?

What is an antagonistic pair?

What joins a muscle to a bone?

What is a synovial joint?

Give at least three examples of synovial joints in the body

What is synovial fluid?

What is articular cartilage?

What are ligaments?

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

What happens in a dislocated joint?

Explain how a sportsperson might reduce the risk of getting injured

What are the two key factors in measuring risk?

What does BMI stand for?

What is the formula for BMI?

What does calculating your BMI tell you?

How could someone with a normal body weight be unhealthy?

What can be used to summarise numerical data?

What does repeatability mean?

What happens to your heart rate and blood pressure when you exercise?

Why do we need to increase blood supply to the lungs when we exercise?

What is the formula for approximate maximum heart rate in bpm?

What is the recovery period?

Give at least three examples of common injuries that could occur during a marathon.

When does a sprain occur?

What is a dislocation?

(P)RICE is said to be common treatment for a sprain. What does it stand for?

What does a physiotherapist do?

Name the four tasks of the heart

Which side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?

Which side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs?

What is meant by having a 'double circulation system'?

Which part of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Which part of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?

Which part of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the body?

Which part of the body collects oxygenated blood from the lungs?

What are capillaries?

What structure prevents backflow of blood?

Explain at least three features of red blood cells

Explain two features of white blood cells

What is the function of platelets?

What is plasma?

Name the four types of substance that plasma carries around the body

Name at least three specific chemicals transported by the plasma

What is the name given to the fluid that escapes from the capillaries?

Why is tissue fluid important?

How does tissue fluid get back into the blood stream?

What mineral does haemoglobin contain?

What happens to haemoglobin in areas of high oxygen concentration?

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin when it reaches areas of low oxygen concentration?

Give an example of where oxyhaemoglobin might break down

Explain how the shape of a red blood cell makes it perfectly adapted to carry oxygen around the body

What two minerals do we lose through sweat?

What is dehydration?

How does sweating cool us down?

What is the name of the process in which small blood vessels that supply the capillaries of the skin widen to allow more blood to flow?

In what conditions does vasodilation occur?

What is vasoconstriction?

When does vasoconstriction occur?

How does the brain respond to low temperatures?

Name at least three ways in which the body responds to low blood temperatures

Name at least three ways in which the body responds to high temperatures

What is hypothermia?

What part of the brain monitors blood temperature?

What does the hormone insulin do?

Which organ produces insulin?

When is insulin produced?

What can happen in extreme circumstances when glucose levels get too low?

Which type of diabetes is caused by environmental factors?

What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes?

What is a negative feedback loop?

What happens in open loops?

What happens in closed loops?

Give three examples of closed loops in nature.

Why is the cycle of crude oil said to be a lop-sided loop?

Why is no system a perfect closed loop?

Give three ways in which vegetation can protect the soil

What is transpiration?

Why is transpiration important to the weather?

What ecological services does the environment offer humans?

Why do minerals stay in the soil for longer in the temperate environment of the UK as opposed to the tropics?

What is the slash-and-burn process of agriculture?

What are the effects of the slash-and-burn process?

What happens to domestic refuse?

What happens to faeces?

What happens to waste gases?

What does the damage done by waste depend on?

What does sewage provide to the ecosystem?

Why are algal blooms (excess of algae) a problem for marine ecosystems?

What is eutrophication?

What is the name given to the process in which the concentration of poison increases up the trophic levels of a food chain?

Why do Scottish loch farmers add pesticides to the fish farms?

What does stock biomass mean in terms of fishing?

What is overfishing?

What do government quotas to control overfishing control?

Explain at least three useful features of microorganisms

Name at least three useful products of microorganisms and their uses

Why are bacteria difficult to harvest?

Why do drug companies use fermenters?

What is the name given to a chemical that kills certain plants but not others?

Explain how genetic engineers have produced a safe and powerful herbicide

What is the process of recombinant DNA?

What is a vector used for?

Give two examples of vectors

What is a plasmid?

How are genes transferred using plasmids?

Why are viruses used to transfer genes?

Explain the process of genomic testing

What features do the nanoparticles that are used in some food packaging have?

What is the name of the device that tells the human heart when to beat and shocks the heart into beating if it needs it?

Give the two features of stem cells

What do you call someone who criticises grammatical mistakes in examtime flashcards?