PS 280- (6) Mood Disorders

Mood disorders: Depressive Disorders:

Bipolar Disorder:

(A) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (MDD): Young [blank_start]children[blank_end] only -severe & frequent [blank_start]temper tantrums[blank_end] interfere with ability to function at home, school, with friends -usually more likely to develop problems with depression or anxiety in adulthood Symptoms include: -severe temper outbursts at least 3 times a week -sad, irritable, or angry mood almost everyday -reaction is bigger than expected -child must be at least [blank_start]6[blank_end] years old -symptoms begin before age 10 -symptoms are present for at least [blank_start]1[blank_end] year -child has trouble functioning in more than 1 place

(B) Major [blank_start]Depressive[blank_end] Disorder (MDD): 5 + symptoms in a 2 week period 1. reports of feeling depressed or sad most of day 2. loss of [blank_start]interest[blank_end] or ability to derive pleasure 3. significant weight loss (appetite) 4. difficulty [blank_start]sleeping[blank_end] 5. slowed down or agitated throughout day 6. feeling fatigued or a loss of energy 7. feelings of worthlessness (guilt) 8. difficulties concentrating 9. thoughts of death or [blank_start]suicide[blank_end] significant distress or impairment in functioning

Prevalence of MDD

Risk factors for MDD: *[blank_start]Age[blank_end] (initial onset more common among younger adults) *[blank_start]SES[blank_end] *[blank_start]Marital[blank_end] Status (separated, divorced, higher risk) *Aboriginal Status *[blank_start]Gender[blank_end] (15-64 yrs old female > male)

[blank_start]Seasonal[blank_end] Affective Disorder (SAD): female > male ; young adults Symptoms: -increased [blank_start]appetite[blank_end] -weight gain -greater need for sleep WHY: -biological rhythm disturbances (melatonin) -serotonin [blank_start]deficiencies[blank_end] Treatment: [blank_start]phototherapy[blank_end] (60-90% will respond)

(C) [blank_start]Persistent[blank_end] Depressive Disorder: -less severe + more chronic Symptoms: -change in appetite -not enjoying things previously enjoyed -sleep disturbances -loss of concentration -persists for at least [blank_start]2[blank_end] years *both dysthymia & MDD at same time is possible

Diagnostic Criteria for Manic Episode:

Diagnostic Criteria for Hypo-manic Episode:

[blank_start]Bipolar[blank_end] Disorder: -rare to experience episode of mania without accompanying depression at some point in life -depressions last longer than the manic episode -between episodes, may have [blank_start]normal[blank_end] mood, or may have periods of dysthymic symptoms -Less common vs MDD- female= male *Specifier- rapid cycling- 2+ full cycles of mania & depression in 1 year Note- respond [blank_start]less[blank_end] well to medications

what is Cyclothymic Disorder?

[blank_start]Etiology[blank_end] of Bipolar Disorder: -interaction of social, biological, psychological variables Stress & mood disorders: -life stress, loss of some kind -most cases of MDD are preceded by stressful [blank_start]life event[blank_end] -psychodynamic perspectives (anger turned upwards) Coping Styles & Social Support: -may act as buffers

in terms of the humanistic perspective, depression may result from the inability to find meaning & purpose in one's life

Aaron Beck: -negative [blank_start]schemas[blank_end] & expectations ("Im not good enough") -cognitive distortions -distorted [blank_start]thinking[blank_end] -negative view of: oneself, environment, future -learned helplessness/ [blank_start]hope[blank_end]lessness

Biological Models: (A) [blank_start]Genetic[blank_end] Evidence: -depression & bipolar run in [blank_start]families[blank_end] -family studies: the closer genetic relationship *Genetic contribution is stronger for bipolar vs. depressive (B) Biochemical Factors & Brain Abnormalities: -cause or effect? Catechloamine Ho: non-functioning NE or DA -depression- receptors too few or insensitive support= anti-depressants boost NE work Prefrontal cortex: lower metabolic activity--> lower motivation *limbic system abnormalities: -[blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end]: lower metabolic activity: higher levels of cortisol -[blank_start]amygdala[blank_end]: enlarged

Psychological Treatment:

90% of those who complete suicide are mentally ill at the time of their death over 70% are clinically depressed as many as 75% of adolescents suicides had a mood disorder