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Conception yr 1: Pathology (a few muscle questions too cuz I'm dumb)

Description

This work is based on Temidayo's plenary which I was thankfully given access to
Plymouth Med
Quiz by Plymouth Med, updated more than 1 year ago
Plymouth Med
Created by Plymouth Med almost 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which is not part of the spermatic cord's contents?
Answer
  • Cremasteric Artery
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Artery of the Ductus Deferens
  • Pampiniform Plexus
  • Lymphatic Vessels
  • Genitofemoral Nerve (Genital Branch)
  • Testicular Artery
  • Parasympathetic Nerve fibers
  • Sympathetic nerve fibers
  • Cremasteric Muscle

Question 2

Question
What is true regarding descent of the gonads?
Answer
  • Originally from level T10
  • Pulled down by ligamentous cord gubernaculum
  • Bring along blood supply, nerves, and lymphatics
  • In women Gubernaculum becomes the round ligament of the uterus
  • In women gubernaculum becomes ligament of ovary proper
  • In men, the gubernaculum disintegrates
  • In men, part of the gubernaculum becomes the scrotal ligament that "anchors" the scrotum in place outside the body
  • Originally from Level L4
  • Descent happens early--middle pregnancy
  • Descent happens in late pregnancy/early birth

Question 3

Question
What is of clinical importance of varicocele?
Answer
  • sometime chronic pain
  • acute pain
  • "Bag of worms" appearance
  • testicular blood supply is blocked
  • testicular veins widen due to dysfunctioning
  • can affect fertility/potency
  • irreversible damage
  • may have swelling
  • extreme pain
  • usually unpainful

Question 4

Question
What is the clinical importance of hydrocele?
Answer
  • "transilluminate" test
  • painful swelling
  • painless swelling
  • excess fluid accumulate around testis
  • fluid escapes tunica albuginea
  • fluid escapes tunica vaginalis
  • can affect fertility/potency

Question 5

Question
Which are layers of the scrotum
Answer
  • Skin
  • Dartos Fascia
  • External Spermatic Fascia
  • Cremaster fascia
  • Dartos Muscle
  • Internal Spermatic Fascia
  • Tunica Albuginea
  • Tunica Vaginalis
  • Corpus Cavernosum
  • Ischiocavernous muscle

Question 6

Question
What does the Cloaca give rise to?
Answer
  • Genital tubercle
  • Urethral folds
  • Anal Fold
  • Genital Swelling
  • External Genitalia
  • Uterus
  • Bladder
  • Prostate

Question 7

Question
What are the symptoms characteristic of Hypospadias?
Answer
  • multiple urethral openings on ventral side
  • multiple urethral openings on dorsal side
  • abnormal urination
  • apyrexial
  • high fevers
  • normal vital signs
  • highly visible swelling

Question 8

Question
What is sensitivity?
Answer
  • How likely to give true positives
  • How likely not to give false negatives
  • How likely not to give false positives
  • How likely to give false negatives

Question 9

Question
What is the probability of correctly identifying a non-diseased person?
Answer
  • Sensitivity
  • Specifity
  • Likelihood

Question 10

Question
Positive predictive values tell us how likely we are to get the disease
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
Negative predictive value is how likely patient does not have the condition
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
What are the defining characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? (POS)
Answer
  • Hyperandrogenism (high testosterone) and anovulation
  • Dysmennorea
  • Painful abdomen
  • Increased surge of estrogens

Question 13

Question
Diagnosis requirements of PCOS?
Answer
  • oligo-ovulation or anovulation
  • 12< cysts on ovaries
  • symptoms like hirsutism, alopecia, and acne
  • 20< cysts on ovaries
  • polyovulation
  • dyspareunia

Question 14

Question
PCOS can lead to ______________.
Answer
  • Hyperprolactemia
  • Cushing's Syndrome
  • Thyroid Disorder (Hypothyroidism)
  • Androgen-secreting ovarian or adrenal tumors
  • Addison's Disease
  • Diabetes II
  • Heart Disease

Question 15

Question
What is endometriosis?
Answer
  • growth of endometrial tissue elsewhere than the uterine cavity
  • inflammation of the endometrium
  • excessive proliferation of the endometrium
  • Tumor of the endometrium

Question 16

Question
Important clinical factors of endometriosis?
Answer
  • cyclic or chronic pelvic pain
  • infertility
  • dysmennorea
  • dyspareunia
  • menorrhagia
  • discolored discharge
  • endometrial tissue most commonly in pouch Douglas, pelvic cavity, uterosacral ligaments, and bladder
  • endometrial tissue most commonly in vagina, cervix, and rectum
  • diagnosis using ultrasound (see lesions, cysts, and peritoneal deposits)
  • diagnosis using laporoscopy (see lesions, cysts, and peritoneal deposits)

Question 17

Question
Management of endometritis?
Answer
  • asymptomatic: only analgesia if needed
  • goal: promotion of ovulation pills promoting LH
  • goal: suppression of ovarian function Combined pill or GnRH agonists
  • Give pills to manage stress
  • Surgical removal of endometrial lining of the womb (Laparoscopic endometrial ablation)
  • Surgical alteration of endometrial womb thickness (laparoscopic endometrial retroversion)
  • Only can give analgesics because cannot cure

Question 18

Question
If post-menopausal bleeding at least 1 year after last period, endometrial carcinoma until proven otherwise.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
Beta HCG isn't reliable for vaginal bleeds to rule out pregnancy/ectopic pregnancyy
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
What is PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
Answer
  • any infection of the womb
  • autoimmune disease of the pelvic bones
  • any infection of the womb and fallopian tubes

Question 21

Question
What most commonly causes PID (3 answers)?
Answer
  • STI ex: chlamydia
  • Post parturition
  • contraceptive device insertion ex: coil
  • sexual activity
  • hereditary; autosommal recessive

Question 22

Question
Most noteworthy symptoms of PID?
Answer
  • pelvic pain/lower abdominal pain
  • fever
  • dyspareunia
  • vaginal discharge
  • post-sex vaginal bleeding
  • vomiting
  • red appearance of tummy and hips
  • inability to walk at all

Question 23

Question
Which test is NOT done when investigating PID?
Answer
  • blood test
  • urine test
  • swabs and culture
  • pregnancy test
  • ultrasound
  • X-ray fluroscopy

Question 24

Question
Management of PID?
Answer
  • 2 different types of Antibiotics broad-spectrum (IV if high fever or peritonitis)
  • Avoid intercourse until full healing
  • Remove IUD/ inserted contraceptive devices if severe
  • Refer to GUM clinic if STD
  • Specific antibiotics if cause known
  • Surgical alteration
  • Radiation/ chemotherapy
  • Phototherapy

Question 25

Question
Because PID can cause scarring of fallopian tubes and uterus, it can lead to...
Answer
  • reoccurent PID
  • ectopic pregnancies (higher risk)
  • decreased fertility
  • peritonitis
  • hypoxia of uterine tissue
  • widespread septicemia

Question 26

Question
What hormone(s) increases after menopause?
Answer
  • LH
  • FSH
  • LH and FSH
  • LH and estrogen
  • estrogen
  • estrogen and FSH

Question 27

Question
What is 2nd trimester?
Answer
  • wk 0-12
  • wk 13-24
  • 25-36/38
  • wk-30-38
  • wk 20-40

Question 28

Question
What pills can induce abortion?
Answer
  • Mifepristone and Misoprotol
  • Mifepristone
  • Misoprostol
  • Misonefer
  • Misonefer and Mysterin
  • Metaformin

Question 29

Question
A skeletal muscle can be innervated by nerves from more than one single spinal cord level
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
[blank_start]Proprioception[blank_end] is how the body knows the relative position of our muscles. Specifically, the [blank_start]cerebellum[blank_end] and [blank_start]cerebral[blank_end] [blank_start]cortex[blank_end] This is how we know what our feet are doing or where they are even if they're not visible.
Answer
  • Proprioception
  • cerebellum
  • cerebral
  • cortex

Question 31

Question
What are examples of proprioception?
Answer
  • golgi tendon bodies
  • muscle spindles
  • joints sensors
  • skin sensors
  • myotomes
  • dermatomes
  • deep tendon reflex

Question 32

Question
[blank_start]Golgi[blank_end] [blank_start]tendon[blank_end] [blank_start]bodies[blank_end] force you to relax to prevent muscle overexertion. They also help with [blank_start]fine[blank_end] movement.
Answer
  • Golgi
  • tendon
  • bodies
  • fine

Question 33

Question
During low intensity exercise, most of our energy comes from [blank_start]fatty[blank_end] [blank_start]acids[blank_end]. Once exercise hits [blank_start]70[blank_end]% max intensity, most our energy comes from [blank_start]carbohydrates[blank_end].
Answer
  • fatty
  • acids
  • 70
  • carbohydrates
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