Question 1
Question
Research by Abbey (1998) found that _______ are likely to attribute a _______ friendliness to mild
sexual interest.
Question 2
Question
According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates which
women more often see as harassing. This is an example of
Answer
-
arrogance.
-
a lack of intuition.
-
misattribution.
-
miscommunication
Question 3
Question
According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and media as
Answer
-
biased in favor of their position.
-
objective in their decisions and
coverage.
-
biased against their position.
-
biased against the President
Question 4
Question
The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external
situations is called
Answer
-
dispositional theory.
-
motivational theory.
-
situational theory.
-
attribution theory.
Question 5
Question
A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized.
What type of attribution are you making for his behavior?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
illusory
Question 6
Question
You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately
before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not
think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness. If this were true, what type of
attribution would your professor be making about your behavior?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
external
Question 7
Question
You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately
before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not
think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform her of why you are
always late. You can now safely conclude that your professor will make what type of attribution
about your behavior?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
internal
Question 8
Question
Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of
attribution are you making to explain her behavior?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
illusory
Question 9
Question
Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not had a raise in ten years. What
type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
common sense
Question 10
Question
Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
epigenetic
Question 11
Question
Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution?
Answer
-
motivational
-
dispositional
-
situational
-
genetic
Question 12
Question
According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when
we make attributions for other people's behavior?
Answer
-
consistency, distinctiveness, and character
-
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
-
conformity, distinctiveness, and character
-
conformity, distinctiveness, and consensus
Question 13
Question
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on
campus. The answer to this question provides information about
Answer
-
consistency.
-
distinctiveness.
-
character
-
Consensus
Question 14
Question
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using
her computer. The answer to this question provides information about
Answer
-
consistency.
-
distinctiveness.
-
character.
-
consensus
Question 15
Question
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional
influences on other people's behavior is called the
Question 16
Question
After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet,
you conclude that those who engage in such behavior are morally bankrupt. It never occurs to you
that the reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford the
price of a compact disc, or the temptation to download, coupled with the peer pressure to do so, is
often great. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the
Question 17
Question
Researchers had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel
Castro. When the students were later told that each debater's position had been assigned, they
Answer
-
assumed the debater's position merely reflected the demands of the
assignment.
-
described the speaker's position as poorly developed.
-
concluded that to some extent the speech reflected the speaker's true beliefs.
-
concluded that the debating coach was an effective persuader.
Question 18
Question
Your immediate recognition of your friends' face or her voice on the phone is an example of
Answer
-
controlled processing.
-
illusory correlation
-
automatic processing.
-
attributional error.
Question 19
Question
Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and
cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of
Answer
-
belief perseverance
-
the planning fallacy.
-
confirmation bias.
-
heuristic problems.
Question 20
Question
Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we
often
Answer
-
focus on internal traits.
-
ignore temporary moods.
-
forget about situational
influences.
-
notice public and private
behavior.
Question 21
Question
Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the
host, while other participants merely observed the game. Results indicated that
Answer
-
both contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.
-
both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts.
-
observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to
the situation.
-
hosts thought themselves more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the
situation.
Question 22
Question
We tend to underestimate the situational determinants of others' behavior but not our own because we
observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves. This is known as the
Answer
-
actor-observer difference.
-
camera perspective bias.
-
changing perspectives trend.
-
self-awareness phenomenon.
Question 23
Question
What commands our attention as we shop for groceries each week is the environment around us, such
as the number of people in front of us at the checkout counter. Yet when we watch another person's
behavior at the grocery store, he or she, rather than the environment, occupies the center of our
attention. As a result, we tend to engage in the attribution error. That is we are irritable because the
lines are long, but the other person is cantankerous because he or she is an unhappy person. What
explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error?
Answer
-
actor-observer difference
-
camera perspective bias
-
changing perspectives trend
-
self-awareness phenomenon
Question 24
Question
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect
confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to
perceive the confession as genuine when they viewed the confession
Answer
-
live
-
through a two-way mirror.
-
through a camera focused on the
suspect.
-
through a camera focused on the
detective.
Question 25
Question
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect
confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to
perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession
Answer
-
live
-
through a two-way mirror.
-
through a camera focused on the
suspect.
-
through a camera focused on the detective
Question 26
Question
According to the text, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time
passes.
Answer
-
the situation
-
his or her personal characteristics
-
both the situation and his or her personal characteristics
-
neither the situation nor his or her personal
characteristics
Question 27
Question
According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome
of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the
election.
Answer
-
poor weather on election day; candidate's oral presentation skills
-
candidate's oral presentation skills; poor weather on election day
-
candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy
-
nation's economy; candidate's personal traits and positions
Question 28
Question
Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election
to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's
economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the
fundamental attribution error?
Answer
-
actor-observer difference
-
camera perspective bias
-
changing perspectives trend
-
self-awareness phenomenon
Question 29
Question
Overconfidence remains after mistaken judgments due to the belief that
Answer
-
"I'll do better next time."
-
"I was almost right."
-
"It wasn't my fault that I was
wrong."
-
"Others were also wrong."
Question 30
Question
Maureen does not seem to take responsibility for her actions (e.g., always creating excuses for
coming home past curfew and acting like a victim of teachers when it comes to bad grades). In order
for her to take responsibility for her behavior, she needs to become more
Answer
-
situation-conscious
-
self-conscious
-
self-possessed.
-
confident
Question 31
Question
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is called
Answer
-
self-possession.
-
self-consciousness.
-
self-awareness.
-
self-assuredness
Question 32
Question
People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors
Question 33
Question
In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
Answer
-
individualistic
-
collectivistic
-
religious
-
secular
Question 34
Question
Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political
positions that
Answer
-
offer more direct support to the poor.
-
are unsympathetic to the poor.
-
tend to blame the poor for their problems.
-
are more neutral regarding poverty and
unemployment
Question 35
Question
Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt
political positions that
Answer
-
offer more direct support to the poor.
-
are unsympathetic to the poor
-
tend to blame the poor for their problems.
-
are more neutral regarding poverty and
unemployment.
Question 36
Question
Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than
similarly intelligent natural science students.
Answer
-
more simplistically
-
less simplistically
-
less self-consciously
-
more positively
Question 37
Question
Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true
survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
Answer
-
rationalization.
-
belief persistence.
-
attitude consistency.
-
belief perseverance.
Question 38
Question
Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make
better firefighters. When participants wrote an explanation for the findings, they were particularly
susceptible to
Question 39
Question
You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend even after a person acts
otherwise. This tendency is known as the
Answer
-
belief perseverance phenomenon.
-
belief continuity phenomenon.
-
correspondence bias.
-
belief disconfirmation bias.
Question 40
Question
Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with
heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. Rachel's
thinking is an example of
Question 41
Question
Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person
might be a better fire-fighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance.
Answer
-
slightly increases
-
maintains
-
reduces
-
significantly increases
Question 42
Question
Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When
asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students
Answer
-
remembered having held a very different attitude.
-
could not remember how they had felt.
-
mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.
-
admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to
oppose it in their essays
Question 43
Question
A researcher asks adult research participants to vividly imagine tripping at a dance recital as a child.
This incident never really occurred. Given past research, ______ of the participants will later recall
the event as something that actually happened.
Answer
-
none
-
all
-
one-fourth
-
one percent
Question 44
Question
Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the finals week
of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is an example of
Question 45
Question
According to a study by Myers (2004), people in psychotherapy and self-improvement programs who
showed only modest improvements claimed that they
Question 46
Question
While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car
accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He
tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow,
not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates.
Question 47
Question
Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and
receiving misleading information about it is called
Question 48
Question
Activating particular associations in memory is called
Answer
-
triggering.
-
initiation.
-
galvanization.
-
priming.
Question 49
Question
To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to
activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she
does and does not like. This process is known as
Answer
-
belief perseverance.
-
reconstruction.
-
priming
-
induction.
Question 50
Question
Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called
Answer
-
controlled processing.
-
automatic processing
-
external processing.
-
intentional processing.
Question 51
Question
"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness is called
Answer
-
controlled processing.
-
automatic processing.
-
internal processing.
-
intentional processing.
Question 52
Question
Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?
Answer
-
controlled processing
-
automatic processing
-
internal processing
-
intentional processing
Question 53
Question
When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think
back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error
in class. What type of thinking is this?
Answer
-
controlled processing
-
automatic processing
-
internal processing
-
intentional processing
Question 54
Question
Your best friend is a master chess player, and has won numerous awards. When you play chess with
her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your move. Her
awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?
Answer
-
controlled processing
-
automatic processing
-
internal processing
-
intentional processing
Question 55
Question
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the
Question 56
Question
You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the
older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather
than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the
Question 57
Question
Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and
logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills
Answer
-
least prone
-
most prone
-
sometimes prone
-
never prone
Question 58
Question
Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper
that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the
Question 59
Question
Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
Answer
-
Get people to think about why their judgments might be wrong.
-
Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgments.
-
Inform people about the overconfidence bias
-
Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.
Question 60
Question
One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
Answer
-
from experts
-
that is objective and factual.
-
that involves judging estimates and
comparisons
-
that might disprove what they believe.
Question 61
Question
When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that
might disprove our beliefs, the _______ has occurred.
Question 62
Question
After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel because of the
Question 63
Question
Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less
inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's
approach illustrates the
Answer
-
confirmation bias
-
misinformation effect
-
base-rate fallacy
-
I-knew-it-all-along
Question 64
Question
Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?
Answer
-
an implicit attitude
-
an explicit attitude
-
a heuristic
-
a confirmation bias
Question 65
Question
The process of judging something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the
_____ heuristic.
Answer
-
availability
-
representativeness
-
vividness
-
matching
Question 66
Question
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a
particular group because it resembles a typical member is referred to as the _______ heuristic
Answer
-
availability
-
representativeness
-
vividness
-
matching
Question 67
Question
On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger
man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying
on what heuristic?
Answer
-
availability
-
representativeness
-
vividness
-
matching
Question 68
Question
Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire)
talking. You assumed that the man was a physician, and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you
found out the opposite was true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the
two individuals?
Question 69
Question
The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is
called the _____ heuristic.
Answer
-
availability
-
representativeness
-
vividness
-
matching
Question 70
Question
Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a
commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous
than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?
Question 71
Question
Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies and
beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.
Answer
-
Availability
-
representativenes
-
vividness
-
maching
Question 72
Question
The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is
called
Answer
-
the base-rate fallacy.
-
automatic thinking.
-
reflective bias.
-
counterfactual thinking.
Question 73
Question
You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade
than the one you actually earned. This is an example of
Question 74
Question
After breaking up with your boyfriend, you imagine that you would still be with this person if you had treated him more considerately. This is an example of
Question 75
Question
76. The perception of a relationship where none actually exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called
Answer
-
a representative heuristic.
-
an availability heuristic.
-
an illusory correlation
-
the overconfidence phenomenon.
Question 76
Question
Counterfactual thinking is more likely when
Answer
-
we are not expecting a favorable outcome.
-
we are surprised by favorable results.
-
we can easily picture an alternative outcome
-
the event is insignificant.
Question 77
Question
Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents
Answer
-
a representative heuristic.
-
an availability heuristic.
-
an illusory correlation.
-
the overconfidence phenomenon.
Question 78
Question
The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
Question 79
Question
Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the
Question 80
Question
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward average is called
Answer
-
the regression heuristic.
-
regression toward the extreme.
-
regression toward the average.
-
reversion.
Question 81
Question
Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a
perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of
Answer
-
the illusory correlation.
-
regression toward the average.
-
the representativeness heuristic.
-
counterfactual thinking.
Question 82
Question
Research on "mood infusion" found that participants' judgments of their own videotaped behaviors
were more positive if, while they watched the videotape, they were
Answer
-
in a good mood.
-
with a stranger.
-
distracted.
-
depressed or anxious.
Question 83
Question
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
Question 84
Question
Research indicates that happy people
Answer
-
think more rationally.
-
are more likely to exhibit negative expectations
-
are more trusting, loving, and responsive.
-
are more susceptive to illusory correlations.
Question 85
Question
In a now-famous study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that randomly selected elementary school students experienced a spurt in IQ score largely as a result of
Answer
-
increased parental involvement and support.
-
their teachers' elevated expectations.
-
intensified academic training.
-
educational strategies that raised their selfesteem.
Question 86
Question
Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that among married couples, the self-fulfilling prophecy
occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected was
then motivated to
Answer
-
value their partner for his or her honesty.
-
value their partner yet become distant from him or her.
-
devalue their partner but make an effort to become close to him or
her.
-
devalue their partner and become distant from him or her.
Question 87
Question
You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You
behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to
you. This situation can best be described as
Answer
-
the illusory correlation.
-
the representativeness heuristic.
-
the availability heuristic.
-
behavioral confirmation
Question 88
Question
Ridge and Reber (2002) conducted a study in which men were told that job candidates were attracted
to them. The findings revealed that the
Answer
-
men were more likely to hire the women.
-
men were more likely to perceive the women as being attractive.
-
women perceived the men as being attracted to them.
-
women exhibited more flirtatiousness.
Question 89
Question
According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put
trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly
Answer
-
tell them that they should be neat and tidy.
-
congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
-
tell them that littering is a crime.
-
tell them that people who litter are bad.
Question 90
Question
Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or
unattractive. When judges later analyzed the women's comments, they found that the
Answer
-
women thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women.
-
women thought to be unattractive tried harder to be likable and stimulated better conversation.
-
women thought to be attractive spoke in a more aloof and superior manner.
-
women thought to be unattractive spoke more slowly and deliberately.
Question 91
Question
If you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely
Answer
-
behave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior.
-
behave toward that person in a way that causes them to become shy and
withdrawn.
-
feel little attraction to that person.
-
avoid that person if you can.
Question 92
Question
When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations,
_______ is at work.
Answer
-
illusory correlation
-
counterfactual thinking
-
behavioral confirmation
-
illusion of control
Question 93
Question
In a research study comparing the investment decisions of patients with or without emotion, which
group made the most profitable investment decisions?
Answer
-
The patients who had no investment
experience.
-
The patients with emotion.
-
The patients without emotion.
-
The patients who had investment experience
Question 94
Question
Expectations can often predict behavior because
Answer
-
the expectations are accurate.
-
the expectations are a
coincidence.
-
behavior is easily predicted.
-
we are overconfident.
Question 95
Question
Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three high school classrooms. Which class still
showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?
Answer
-
the class that was told that they should be neat and
tidy
-
the class reprimanded repeatedly for littering
-
the class congratulated for being neat and tidy
-
the class whose littering was ignored