Genetics Test 2

Define Homologous pairs

In general the ploidy of the cell indicates how many sets of genetic information the cell possesses. How many sets does diploid, haploid and polyploid have?

Constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach is

What are telomeres?

Rank the stages of the cell cycle in order. 1. [blank_start]G-1[blank_end]: cell grows, proteins for cell division synthesized 2. [blank_start]G-0[blank_end]: non-dividing stage, can re-enter G-1 from here 3. [blank_start]G-1/S[blank_end] checkpoint: holds cell in G-1 until all enzymes needed for replication are obtained 4. [blank_start]S Phase[blank_end]: DNA duplicates 5. [blank_start]G-2[blank_end]: cell prepares for mitosis 6. [blank_start]G-2/M checkpoint[blank_end]: proceeds to M-phase only if all DNA is replicated and undamaged 7. [blank_start]M Phase[blank_end]: nuclear and cell division 8. [blank_start]Spindle Assembly Checkpoint[blank_end] 9. [blank_start]Cytokinesis[blank_end]: the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

The extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase is known as

what stage do Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms.

What phase does the nuclear envelope disintegrates and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

What phase do chromosomes align on the metaphase plate and is also known as the spindle-assembly checkpoint?

What phase do sister chromatids separate (move apart) becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles?

What phase do chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, nuclear envelope re-forms, and condensed chromosomes relax? (2 nucleus are formed)

What is the term used for when the cytoplasm divides (a cell wall is formed in plant cells)?

Rank in order the steps of the M phase 1. [blank_start]prophase[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]prometaphase[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]metaphase[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]anaphase[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]telophase[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]cytokinesis[blank_end]

What is a centrosome?

What happens in mieosis I?

What happens in Mieosis II?

Rank the stages of mieosis I & II in order 1. [blank_start]Middle prophase[blank_end]: chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle forms 2. [blank_start]late prophase 1[blank_end]: homologous chromosomes pair, crossing over takes place and the nuclear membrane breaks down 3. [blank_start]Metaphase 1[blank_end]: Homologous pairs line up along the metaphase plate 4. [blank_start]anaphase 1[blank_end]: Homologous chromosomes move apart and go toward opposite poles 5. [blank_start]Telophase 1[blank_end]: Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides 6. [blank_start]Prophase 2[blank_end]: chromosomes re-condense 7. [blank_start]metaphase 2[blank_end]: Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate 8. [blank_start]anaphase 2[blank_end]: sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles 9. [blank_start]telophase 2[blank_end]: chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides 10. [blank_start]Products: 4 gametes[blank_end]

[blank_start]Spermatogenesis[blank_end] or male gametogenesis starts with a [blank_start]spermatogonium[blank_end] entering into [blank_start]prophase 1[blank_end] becoming a [blank_start]primary spermatocyte[blank_end]. It undergoes [blank_start]mieosis 1[blank_end] and yields [blank_start]2 secondary spermatocytes[blank_end]. Those undergo [blank_start]mieosis 2[blank_end] and together produce [blank_start]4 spermatids[blank_end] that mature into [blank_start]sperm cells[blank_end].

[blank_start]Oogenesis[blank_end] or female gametogenesis starts with 1 [blank_start]oogonium[blank_end], that enters [blank_start]prophase 1[blank_end] to become a [blank_start]primary oocyte[blank_end]. It goes through [blank_start]mieosis 1[blank_end] and forms a [blank_start]secondary oocyte[blank_end] and a [blank_start]polar body[blank_end]. The polar body [blank_start]disintegrates[blank_end]. The secondary oocyte goes through [blank_start]mieosis 2[blank_end] and an ovum and a polar body forms. The polar body disintegrates and what's left is [blank_start]1 ovum (egg)[blank_end].

Choose characteristics that apply to prokaryotic cells

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

An inherited factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic is a

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene is called

A specific place on on a chromosome occupies by an allele is

A set of alleles possessed by an individual organism is called a

The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic is a

An attribute or feature possessed by an organism is a

An individual organism possessing 2 different alleles at a locus is a

An individual organism possessing 2 of the same alleles at a locus is a

Gregor Mendal crossed fertilized pea plants and discovered

Mendel's Laws: 1. The Principle of [blank_start]Segregation[blank_end]: the two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele. 2. The Principle of [blank_start]Independent Assortment[blank_end]: Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes. 3. The Principle of [blank_start]Dominance[blank_end]: If one parent has two copies of allele A -- the dominant allele -- and the second parent has two copies of allele a-- the recessive allele -- then the offspring will inherit an Aa genotype and display the dominant phenotype.

What is the Chi Square & goodness fit test?

what is the formula for Chi Square & goodness test?

How do you calculate degrees of freedom?

Autosomal Recessive traits

Autosomal dominant traits

Which gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness?

Fill in the blank. [blank_start]Klinefelter Syndrome[blank_end] [blank_start](XXY, XXYY, XXXY)[blank_end]: Male traits, tall, small testes, reduced facial & pubic hair. [blank_start]Turner Syndrome[blank_end] [blank_start](XO)[blank_end]: Female Traits, short, low hairline, broad chest, neck folds. [blank_start]Poly-X females[blank_end] [blank_start](XXX. XXXX, XXXXX)[blank_end]: Female traits, tall and thin [blank_start]XYY males[blank_end]: Males traits and tall.

What was Thomas Hunt Morgan able explain after his experiments with red-eyed and white-eyed Drosophilia flies?

What is a Barr Body?

Since females possess two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and a [blank_start]Y chromosomes[blank_end], Barr bodies are essential to regulate the amount of X-linked gene product being transcribed. To ensure that X-linked gene product doses are kept similar between males and females, one of the [blank_start]X chromosomes[blank_end] in a female becomes very condensed - [blank_start]the Barr body[blank_end]. This results in the genetic information on the chromosome being inaccessible to proteins that cause gene transcription. This is known as [blank_start]Dosage Compensation[blank_end].

Phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes is [blank_start]complete dominance[blank_end]. Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. Mixture of dominant and recessive. Example: RR (red) + rr (white) = Rr (pink). This is a definition of [blank_start]incomplete dominance[blank_end]. Phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes. Examples are spotted flowers, horses or cows. This is a definition of [blank_start]codominance[blank_end].

The percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype is [blank_start]penetrance[blank_end]. The degree to which a characteristic is expressed is [blank_start]expressivity[blank_end].

Which genotype for color is lethal in mice?

An example of [blank_start]recessive epistasis[blank_end] ([blank_start]9:3:4[blank_end] phenotype) is Coat color in Labradors: B_E_ (black), bbE_ (brown), B_ee (yellow), bbee (yellow). An example of [blank_start]dominant epistasis[blank_end] ([blank_start]12:3:1[blank_end] phenotype) is Summer Squash color: W_Y_(white), W_yy (white), wwY_ (yellow), wwyy (green). An example of [blank_start]duplicate recessive epistatis[blank_end] ([blank_start]9:7[blank_end] phenotype) is Sweat Pea flower color: CCPP, CCP_, C_PP, C_P_ += purple, CC__, C___, __PP, __P_, ____ = white The ratio for duplicate dominant epistasis is [blank_start]15:1[blank_end].