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Biology 102, Exam 2

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Spring 2020 Biology 102: Intro Bio:Biodiversity/Ecology
Selah Lowery
Quiz by Selah Lowery, updated more than 1 year ago
Selah Lowery
Created by Selah Lowery almost 5 years ago
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Question 1

Question
There are 400 A1A1, 400 A1A2, and 200A2A2 individuals in a population. What are the allele frequencies?
Answer
  • 0.4 A1A1, 0.4 A1A2, 0.2 A2A2
  • 0.4 A1, 0.2 A2
  • 0.5 A1, 0.5 A2
  • 0.6 A1, 0.4 A2

Question 2

Question
In a randomly mating population with allele frequencies of 0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2, What are the expected genotypic frequencies in the next generation?
Answer
  • 0.36 A1 A1, 0.48 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2
  • 0.36 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.16 A2A2
  • 0.6 A1 A1, 0.24 A1A2, and 0.4 A2A2
  • 0.6 A1 and 0.4 A2

Question 3

Question
In a sample from a population there are: 400 A1 A1, 400 A1A2, and 200 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?
Answer
  • Yes, because the genotype frequencies are 0.4 A1 A1, 0.4 A1A2, and 0.2 A2A2
  • Yes, because the allele frequencies sum to 1.
  • Probably not, because there are fewer heterozygotes than expected.
  • Probably not, because there are fewer homozygotes than expected.

Question 4

Question
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the frequencies of the B and W alleles?
Answer
  • B: 0.97; W 0.03
  • B: 0.91; W 0.09
  • B: 0.7; W 0.3
  • B. 0.6; W 0.4

Question 5

Question
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). What are the expected genotype frequencies in the population?
Answer
  • BB: 0.23; BW: 0.74; WW: 0.03
  • BB: 0.36; BW: 0.48; WW: 0.16
  • BB: 0.46; BW: 0.37; WW: 0.17

Question 6

Question
In a sample the following phenotypes of snail shell color were observed: 230 Brown (BB), 740 Pink (BW), 30 Cream (WW). Is the population in genetic equilibrium?
Answer
  • Yes, because it is a large sample.
  • Yes, because allele frequencies sum to 1.
  • No, because there are more homozygotes than expected.
  • No, because there are more heterozygotes than expected.

Question 7

Question
In a sample from a large population there are: 6 A1 A1, 8 A1A2, and 6 A2A2 individuals. Is this population in genetic equilibrium?
Answer
  • Yes, because the allele frequencies are 0.5 A1 and 0.5 A2.
  • No, because there are more heterozygotes than expected.
  • Maybe.
  • Maybe not.
  • Cannot determine from this data.

Question 8

Question
What are the basic entities or units of evolutionary change-- what is it that evolves?
Answer
  • Individuals
  • Families
  • Populations
  • Species

Question 9

Question
Which of the following was the first to propose the idea of biological evolution?
Answer
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
  • Lamarck
  • Darwin
  • We don't know.

Question 10

Question
Formal biological taxonomy, developing the general form that we still use, began in the 18th century with the work of:
Answer
  • Darwin
  • Hutton
  • Lamarck
  • Linnaeus

Question 11

Question
According to Lamarck’s hypothesis giraffes evolved long necks because:
Answer
  • of natural selection.
  • they acquire mutations during development.
  • of the higher fitness of long‐neck giraffes relative to short‐neck ones.
  • giraffes stretch their necks while feeding, and the elongation from this stretching is passed on to their offspring.

Question 12

Question
A major contribution of Darwin’s geological and paleontological predecessors and contemporaries to the development of his thought was the idea of:
Answer
  • natural selection.
  • survival of the fittest.
  • the great age of Earth.
  • inheritance of acquired characteristics.
  • lineage diversification.

Question 13

Question
Cotton‐topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should:
Answer
  • Test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive
  • Look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins
  • Determine if hair length is heritable
  • Test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate

Question 14

Question
Which of the following is not a part of Darwin’s mechanism of biological evolution?
Answer
  • Over production of offspring.
  • Acquiring adaptations because they are needed.
  • Differential reproductive success.
  • Heritable variation.

Question 15

Question
What is perhaps occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
Answer
  • Mutation
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic drift
  • Selection
  • Gene flow

Question 16

Question
What is most likely occurring in a very small population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
Answer
  • Mutation
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic drift
  • Selection
  • Gene flow

Question 17

Question
What is most likely occurring in a large population with genotype frequencies AA: 0.2, Aa: 0.2, aa: 0.6?
Answer
  • Mutation
  • Inbreeding
  • Genetic drift
  • Selection
  • Gene flow

Question 18

Question
Natural selection operates primarily at the level of:
Answer
  • Genes
  • Individuals
  • Population
  • Species
  • Communities

Question 19

Question
What do artificial selection and natural selection have in common?
Answer
  • There must be heritable genetic variation on which selection can operate.
  • Mutation must be occurring.
  • Nothing.

Question 20

Question
Differential reproductive success is equivalent to:
Answer
  • Evolution
  • Natural selection
  • Competition
  • Adaptation

Question 21

Question
If there are no fitness differences among individuals in a population:
Answer
  • The individuals are well adapted.
  • Mutation will cause variation in the population to increase.
  • Natural selection cannot occur.

Question 22

Question
What are species?
Answer
  • Populations whose members are morphologically distinct from those of other populations.
  • Populations which are reproductively isolated from other populations for a long period of time.
  • The tips of divergent evolutionary lineages-- the smallest monophyletic groups on a phylogenetic tree.

Question 23

Question
What do the different species concepts have in common?
Answer
  • All are used to try to identify evolutionarily independent populations.
  • All focus on reproductive isolating mechanisms.
  • None can be applied to fossil organisms.
  • Except as criteria for naming species they have nothing in common.

Question 24

Question
For which group/taxon does the biological species concept not apply especially well?
Answer
  • Humans
  • Bacteria
  • Dinosaurs
  • Flowering plants
  • Fossil diatoms

Question 25

Question
Speciation results from:
Answer
  • Gene flow and genetic divergence.
  • Gene flow and genetic isolation.
  • Genetic isolation and genetic divergence.

Question 26

Question
What does “allopatric” mean?
Answer
  • Having different alleles.
  • Having different genes.
  • In different places.
  • In the same place.

Question 27

Question
Allopatric speciation begins with:
Answer
  • Geographical isolation.
  • Genetic divergence.
  • Genetic drift.

Question 28

Question
What is another term for genetic isolation?
Answer
  • Geographical isolation
  • Reproductive isolation

Question 29

Question
The most important evolutionary mechanisms in allopatric speciation are:
Answer
  • Natural selection and postzygotic reproductive isolation.
  • Natural selection and genetic drift.
  • Natural selection and nonrandom mating.
  • Mutation and nonrandom mating.

Question 30

Question
What happens when formerly geographically isolated populations come together?
Answer
  • Reinforcement maintains reproductive isolation.
  • The two gene pools fuse, becoming one.
  • A hybrid zone forms.
  • A new species evolves.
  • One population/gene pool goes extinct.

Question 31

Question
If two formerly geographically isolated bird species/populations come into contact and readily interbreed, but the hybrid eggs do not hatch, what is most likely to happen?
Answer
  • Selection will act on both populations to produce hybrid embryos that hatch.
  • Selection will operate to increase prezygotic isolation of the two species/populations.
  • Prezygotic isolating mechanisms such as mating calls or behavioral differences between the two populations/species will decrease.
  • Postzygotc isolation between the two populations/species will decrease.

Question 32

Question
What does “sympatric” mean?
Answer
  • Having similar alleles.
  • Having similar genes.
  • In different places.
  • In the same place.

Question 33

Question
Which mode of selection often plays an especially important part in sympatric speciation?
Answer
  • Directional
  • Disruptive/ Diversifying
  • Sexual
  • Stabilizing

Question 34

Question
What are phylogenies?
Answer
  • Models depicting evolutionary mechanisms.
  • Hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among taxa.
  • Graphical representation of morphological similarities.
  • “Maps” of evolutionary relationships.

Question 35

Question
The three domains of life are
Answer
  • Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
  • Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
  • Ecosystems, Organisms, and Cells
  • Plants, fungi, animals, and protists

Question 36

Question
Nodes in a graphical phylogenetic hypothesis (cladogram):
Answer
  • Represent the shared common ancestor of a clade.
  • Identify the point of divergence of lineages in a clade.
  • Identify a clade’s analogous structures.

Question 37

Question
Which would be most useful in elucidating phylogeny (relatedness)?
Answer
  • Homologies.
  • Analogies.
  • Both are equally useful.
  • Neither are very useful for inferring relatedness.

Question 38

Question
Homologous structures reflect:
Answer
  • Shared ancestry.
  • Similarity of function.
  • Convergent evolution.

Question 39

Question
Analogous structures reflect:
Answer
  • Shared ancestry.
  • Similarity of function.
  • Convergent evolution.

Question 40

Question
The bones of the flipper of a penguin (bird) and a dolphin (mammal) – both tetrapods – are_____; the functional flippers are______ .
Answer
  • analogous; homologous
  • analogous; analogous also
  • homologous; analogous
  • homologous; homologous also

Question 41

Question
Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore share a______ body form.
Answer
  • analogous
  • homologous
  • ancestral
  • monophyletic

Question 42

Question
The phylogenetic hypothesis most likely to be correct is the one:
Answer
  • With the fewest homologies.
  • With the fewest analogies.
  • With the most analogies.
  • With the most homologies.
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