REPRO/NEPHRO BLOCK: Week 4 - More Kidneys

What is the correct order of blood vessels in the kidney?

What is the correct order of veins in the kidney?

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

Describe the process of bicarbonate reabsorption. 1. Bicarbonate is filtered by the glomerulus ---Inside the tubule it associates with [blank_start]H+[blank_end] to form [blank_start]carbonic acid[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Carbonic anhydrase[blank_end] catalyses the [blank_start]dissociation[blank_end] of carbonic acid into [blank_start]H2O and CO2[blank_end] ---These can then be [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] into the tubular cells 3. Inside the cell, [blank_start]carbonic anhydrase[blank_end] catalyses the reaction between H2O and CO2 to form [blank_start]carbonic acid[blank_end] again 4. The carbonic acid then [blank_start]dissociates[blank_end] into [blank_start]H+ and bicarbonate[blank_end] again 5. [blank_start]Selective permeability[blank_end] ensures that the ions are transported in the right directions: ---H+ is [blank_start]secreted back into the lumen[blank_end], as H+ channels are only found on the [blank_start]luminal[blank_end] side ---Bicarbonate is [blank_start]absorbed into the capillaries[blank_end], as bicarbonate channels are only found on the [blank_start]basolateral[blank_end] side

Describe the process of H+ excretion via titration with phosphate. 1. [blank_start]H2O and CO2[blank_end] react to form [blank_start]carbonic acid[blank_end] inside tubular cells, catalysed by [blank_start]carbonic anhydrase[blank_end] ---NOTE: the H2O and CO2 is [blank_start]new[blank_end], i.e. produced inside the cell and not reabsorbed from the filtrate 2. Carbonic acid dissociates to form [blank_start]H+ and a new bicarbonate ion[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Bicarbonate[blank_end] is absorbed into the capillary from the [blank_start]basolateral[blank_end] side (via selective permeability) 4. [blank_start]H+[blank_end] is secreted back into the [blank_start]lumen[blank_end] (via selective permeability) 5. Some H+ associates with [blank_start]phosphate ions[blank_end] to form [blank_start]H2PO4[blank_end] ---This is then excreted in the urine

How much H+ is excreted via titration with phosphate per day?

Describe the excretion of H+ via titration with ammonia. 1. [blank_start]Ammonia[blank_end] is produced in the [blank_start]PCT[blank_end]: ---[blank_start]Glutamine[blank_end] is reabsorbed from the filtrate ---Inside the tubular cell, [blank_start]glutaminase[blank_end] catalyses the breakdown of glutamine into [blank_start]NH4+ and bicarbonate[blank_end] ---[blank_start]Bicarbonate[blank_end] is reabsorbed into the capillary ---[blank_start]NH4+[blank_end] is secreted into the lumen ---NH4+ is converted to [blank_start]NH3[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]H2O and CO2[blank_end] react to form carbonic acid inside tubular cells, catalysed by [blank_start]carbonic anhydrase[blank_end] ---NOTE: the H2O and CO2 is new, i.e. produced inside the cell and not reabsorbed from the filtrate 3. Carbonic acid dissociates to form [blank_start]H+ and a new bicarbonate ion[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Bicarbonate[blank_end] is absorbed into the capillary from the [blank_start]basolateral[blank_end] side (via selective permeability) 5. [blank_start]H+[blank_end] is secreted back into the [blank_start]lumen[blank_end] (via selective permeability) 6. Some H+ associates with [blank_start]NH3[blank_end] to form [blank_start]NH4+[blank_end] 7.NH4+ is then excreted in the urine

How much H+ is excreted per day via titration with ammonia?

How is the amount of H+ excretion in the urine increased when there are high levels of H+ in the blood?

What is the function of the mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells?

What is the function of the macula densa?

How big are the ureters?

Where are kidney stones most likely to get stuck?

Which of the following can cause kidney stones?

What is the correct order for the proportions of different types of kidney stones, from most common to least common?

What is the most common composition of kidney stones?

How thick should the kidney cortex be?

How much of the filtrate is reabsorbed by kidneys?

Why is osmolality used to measure electrolyte concentrations, not osmolarity?

How long is the PCT?

How is sodium reabsorbed in the PCT? NOTE: not the co-transporters, just sodium on its own!

How long is the DCT?

What proportion of total reabsorption happens in the DCT?

What proportion of total reabsorption happens in the thick ascending loop of Henle?

Describe the action of aldosterone. 1. [blank_start]Aldosterone[blank_end] binds to the intracellular [blank_start]mineralocorticoid receptor[blank_end] 2. Aldosterone-receptor complex binds to [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] and acts as a transcription factor, causing: ---[blank_start]Stimulation of Na+/K+ ATPase[blank_end] ---[blank_start]Increased expression of K+ channels[blank_end] (therefore more potassium [blank_start]excretion[blank_end]) ---[blank_start]Increased expression of Na+ channels[blank_end] (therefore more sodium [blank_start]reabsorption[blank_end])

What proportion of creatinine is excreted via tubular secretion?

What are the correct values of minimum and maximum urine osmolality?

How much waste is excreted in the urine per day?

What are the correct values for minimum and maximum daily urine output?

What can cause dysfunctional reabsorption in the PCT?

What can cause defective absorption through NKCC2 channels?

What can cause dysfunctional absorption through NCC channels?

What can cause dysfunctional reabsorption through ENaC channels?

What is the normal (healthy) range of urine output per day?

What is used for the quantification of protein in urinalysis?

What are the main causes of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease? 1. [blank_start]Ineffective blood supply[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Glomerular disease[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Tubulo-interstitial disease[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Obstructive uropathy[blank_end]